Reversible phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from lactating rat mammary gland by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase has been purified from lactating rat mammary gland using a combination of ammonium sulphate and poly(ethyleneglycol) precipitations. The enzyme was purified from 35--70-fold with a yield of over 50%, the exact figures being difficult to estimate because of activation of the enzyme that occurs during the preparation. The preparation was homogeneous by the criterion of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and had a single subunit of molecular weight 240,000, containing 1.02 +/- 0.04 molecules of biotin and 3.1 +/- 1.7 molecules of alkali-labile phosphate per subunit. The purified enzyme was phosphorylated and inactivated rapidly when incubated in the presence of [gamma 32P]ATP and magnesium ions with the purified catalytic subunit of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle. Both phosphorylation and inactivation are blocked by the heat-stable protein inhibitor of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, and can be reversed by incubation with purified protein phosphatase-1 from rabbit skeletal muscle. The inactivation by the protein kinase and reactivation by the protein phosphatase correlate with the near-stoichiometric phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of site(s) located in a single tryptic peptide. Phosphorylation does not affect the Km for substrates, but brings about a twofold decrease in V and a twofold increase in the apparent dissociation constant for the allosteric activator, citrate. We also present evidence that the activation of rabbit mammary acetyl-CoA carboxylase by protein phosphatase-1 described previously [Hardie and Cohen (1979) FEBS Lett. 103, 333-338] is due to dephosphorylation at site(s) which are not phosphorylated by either cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase or acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2. These results suggest that the rapid inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and hence fatty acid synthesis, by adrenaline in adipose tissue, or glucagon in the liver, is due to phosphorylation of the enzyme by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase.