Recombinants of Mahoney and Sabin strain poliovirus type 1: analysis of in vitro phenotypic markers and evidence that resistance to guanidine maps in the nonstructural proteins.

A neutralizing monoclonal antibody-resistant variant of the Sabin vaccine strain of poliovirus type 1 and a guanidine-resistant variant of the virulent parent Mahoney strain were derived. The two variants were used, in a coinfection, to generate recombinant virus containing both resistance markers. Recombinants appeared on the order of 1.0 PFU for every 10(4) total PFU. Two independently derived recombinant viruses were isolated. Each isolate contained the P1 (structural protein) gene region of the Sabin strain virus and the P3 (nonstructural replicase protein) gene region of the Mahoney strain virus. The recombinant virus phenotypes were compared with certain characteristic in vitro phenotypes of both parents. It was found that the slow growth in cell culture, temperature sensitivity, and virion surface charge characteristics of the Sabin virus mapped entirely to the structural protein gene region whereas the phenotype of the actinomycin D sensitivity of the Sabin virus mapped to the gene region specifying the nonstructural replication proteins. Sequence analysis of the recombinant RNA revealed that the crossover occurred 3' of nucleotide 3919. This result showed that the resistance of poliovirus mutants to growth in 2 mM guanidine hydrochloride maps in the 3'-terminal region of the viral genome specifying the nonstructural proteins.