Improved methods in the diagnosis of ureteral duplication and ectopia.

Ureteral duplication with ectopia is of clinical importance because it is attended by a high incidence of persistent urinary disease. Its diagnosis is frequently made difficult by the obscure position of the extravesical ureteral orifice, and often by its obstruction, which may block the passage of radiopaque medium. But it is in precisely such cases that early diagnosis and treatment are most essential to the preservation of renal function. The chances of diagnosis have been increased within recent years by the development of new or modified radiographic and nonradiographic techniques.