Development of trophoblast and placenta of the mouse. A reinvestigation with regard to the in vitro culture of mouse trophoblast and placenta.

At 5 days post conceptionem (p.c.) shortly after implantation, giant cell transformation starts at the abembryonic pole of the blastocyst, spreading over the mural trophoblast; 1 day later, the first ectoplacental giant cells appear at the base of the fast growing ectoplacental cone (derived from the polar trophoblast). Giant cell transformation expands over it periphery. Thus, by the 8th day p.c., the conceptus is separated from the maternal tissue by a continuous layer of giant cells, variable in thickness. Giant cells reach their greatest size by 10 days p.c. in the mural tophoblast and by 12 days p.c. in the chorioallantoic placenta. They are probably no longer formed after that stage. Around the 8th day p.c., the allantois reaches contact with the ectoplacental cone, which develops into the chorioallantoic (definitive) placenta. At 9 days p.c., its four zones can already be discriminated: chorionic plate, labyrinth, junctional zone (trophospongium), and zone of giant cells, respectively. Within the next day, the chorioallantoic placental circulation is established. The yolk sac placental circulation is established by the 9th day p.c. The villi of the proximal layer of the yolk sac increase in size and number, and their capillary network becomes more dense until the 12th to 14th day p.c. This provides evidence that the yolk sac placenta exerts its function--to a certain extent--beyond the establishment of the definitive placenta. Around the 14th day p.c., the placental labyrinth reaches its definitive features. Fetal capillaries in the labyrinth, branching from unbilical blood vessels within the septa of connective tissue are surrounded by trophoblast cells. They form a dense vascular network bathing in maternal blood. The structures of the placental zones remain almost the same during further development, the borders becoming sometimes little blurred. Adjacent to the chorionic plate, subchorionic clefts appear at the 14th day p.c. These clefts become confluent to form the intraplacental space, regularly communicating with the yolk sac cavity. At the end of gestation (19th day p.c.) there is a considerable amount of eosinophilic material ('fibrinoid') between the zone of giant cells and the decidua, probably produced by the giant cells.