Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic counseling in methadone maintenance.

Therapeutic counseling has been widely adovacted with methadone maintenance, but its effectiveness has not been demonstrated. A review of the literature revealed a dearth of scientific investigations comparing treatment outcomes with and without counseling services. The few studies which have been reported seem to suggest that counseling does not significantly change treatment outcomes as measured by the usual indicators of illicit drug use, arrests, employment, and retention in the program. These studies suffered from a number of methodological flaws, however, including failure to adhere to research design, small sample size, poorly matched control groups, inadequate outcome criteria, and absence of post-treatment follow-up. Previous investigators have been nearly unanimous in calling for further studies of this issue. Since the cost of counseling services represents a major portion of treatment program budgets, there is an urgent need to document the effectiveness of these services with definitive studies.