Morphogenetic aspects of murein structure and biosynthesis.

The shape of Escherichia coli is fixed by the form of the sacculus. This sacculus is a macromolecule made up from the polymer murein. In an investigation of the possible factors determining the shape of the sacculus, we attempted to resolve between two fundamental alternatives. (i) Is the shape of the sacculus automatically fixed by its chemical composition? or (ii) does a special morphogenetic system exist which determines the shape of the sacculus? An analysis of sacculi from cells grown in poor and rich media and harvested at different stages of growth was made. Significant variations in the composition of murein were found, whereas the general shape of the cells remained unchanged. This finding stands opposed to the assumption of a strict correlation between chemistry and shape of the sacculus. The second alternative was investigated by attempting to change artificially the shape of the sacculus by modifying the form of the hypothetical morphogenetic system. Rod-shaped cells were converted into spherical spheroplasts which were subsequently allowed to reform a new spherical sacculus. In chemical composition this spherical sacculus was found to be indistinguishable from the rod-shaped sacculus. This finding is taken as evidence for the existence of a distinct morphogenetic apparatus in the cell wall whose form is reflected by the shape of the sacculus.