Purification and physicochemical and biological characterization of a staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin.

A staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin was purified and characterized biochemically and biologically. The organism producing the toxin was a group I Staphylococcus aureus strain which was isolated from a vaginal infection of a patient with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki's disease). The possible association of the toxin with the disease syndrome is discussed. The toxin was purified from cell-free culture supernatant fluids by means of differential precipitation with ethanol and resolubilization in pyrogen-free distilled water followed by preparative thin-layer isoelectric focusing. The pyrogenic exotoxin produced fevers in both rabbits and mice and enhanced host susceptibility to lethal shock and myocardial and liver damage by endotoxin. Also, the toxin was a potent nonspecific lymphocyte mitogen, stimulating rabbit spleen cells and human cord blood lymphocytes to proliferate. The toxin migrated as a homogeneous protein when tested with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (molecular weight, 12,000) and reisoelectric focusing (pI 5.3). Hyperimmune antisera raised against the purified toxin reacted with ethanol-precipitated toxin, using immunodiffusion to form a single precipitin arc. The toxin was distinguished from other staphylococcal toxins by a variety of methods. The amino acid composition was determined.