Hydrostatic pressure effects on protein synthesis.

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on several phases of cell-free protein synthesis have been examined. The initial rate of polyuridylic acid (poly U)-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine showed an apparent increase at 100 atm, above which the synthetic rate was reduced sharply with increased pressure up to 640 atm where 95% inhibition was observed. The magnitude of the inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis with increased pressure depended strongly on the magnesium salt concentration in the reaction system. Misreading of the poly U message, as measured by insertion of leucine in place of phenylalanine, dropped rapidly with increased pressure from 1 to 350 atm, above which the amount of misreading increased. Enzymatic activation of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) was reduced by increased pressure in the range 100-640 atm, where the rate of tRNA aminoacylation was 80% inhibited. Both nonenzymatic attachment of phenylalanyl-tRNA (phe-tRNA) to the poly U-ribosome complex and stability of the phe-tRNA-poly U-ribosome complex were decreased at high pressures (100-900 atm). The results of the action of pressure on the various phases of cell-free protein synthesis suggest that the major pressure-sensitive element in the protein synthetic machinery is the ribosome.