Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of intracellular proteins during early stages of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.

Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of unfractionated cellular extracts of Bacillus subtilis is shown to be an effective method for characterizing many of the changes in protein composition, when coupled with specific histological-type staining reactions. The results obtained here by using extracts from cells at different stages of growth and sporulation are consistent with observations from other laboratories where extensively purified and highly characterized enzymes have been studied. In several instances, the histochemical reactions can be associated with a specific enzymatic function and appear to indicate the presence of multiple molecular forms. In other instances, the data cannot be evaluated in terms of known enzyme function because the specificity of the histochemical analysis is not certain. However, the assays described permit monitoring of electrophoretic changes at the level of individual proteins within sporulating cultures. The results suggest that B. subtilis may contain two "hexokinase-like" enzymes which cease to function before sporulation is initiated. Aldolase and alanine dehydrogenase are detectable as single bands of enzyme activity during vegetative growth but as multiple molecular forms once sporulation has been initiated. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity is represented by an entire family of reactive species in these crude extracts, which undergo multiple changes during the early stages of sporulation. Tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenase enzymes and those bands having esterase activity on alpha-naphthyl acetate show detectable changes in specific activity after cessation of exponential growth. Glucose dehydrogenase is not detectable until the sequence of changes leading to spore formation has progressed for 4 or 5 hr.