An electron microscopic study of sperm penetration into the human egg investments.

The ultrastructure of human spermatozoa located in the cumulus cells and the zona pellucida of a pro-nuclear egg, and in the zona pellucida of a two-cell egg, both fertilized in-vivo, has been analysed in order to understand how the human spermatozoon penetrates the investing coats of the oocyte. Among the 36 spermatozoa found in the cumulus cells, 31 were phagocytosed by cumulus cells and 5 were wedged in the matrix between the cells. These spermatozoa were acrosome-reacted and their equatorial segment was intact. Six of the seven spermatozoa found in the zona pellucida (four spermatozoa in the pronuclear egg and three in the two-cell egg) had lost the equatorial segment, while the other one was partially reacted. The sperm heads were located in slits with sharp edges. From these findings it was concluded that in the human (1) only few and normal spermatozoa seem to reach the cumulus cells after natural insemination, (2) the acrosome reaction probably occurs sometime before the spermatozoa reach the vicinity of the corona cells, (3) the reaction of the equatorial segment seems to occur during or before the initial phase of zona penetration, since the spermatozoa located in the matrix of the zona pellucida had no equatorial segment. No evidence of the presence of spermatozoa with an intact acrosome in the matrix of cumulus cells or with an intact equatorial segment in the zona pellucida were found.