Visually induced adaptive changes in primate saccadic oculomotor control signals.

Saccades are the rapid eye movements used to change visual fixation. Normal saccades end abruptly with very little postsaccadic ocular drift, but acute ocular motor deficits can cause the eyes to drift appreciably after a saccade. Previous studies in both patients and monkeys with peripheral ocular motor deficits have demonstrated that the brain can suppress such postsaccadic drifts. Ocular drift might be suppressed in response to visual and/or proprioceptive feedback of position and/or velocity errors. This study attempts to characterize the adaptive mechanism for suppression of postsaccadic drift. The responses of seven rhesus monkeys were studied to postsaccadic retinal slip induced by horizontal exponential movements of a full-field stimulus. After several hours of saccade-related retinal image slip, the eye movements of the monkeys developed a zero-latency, compensatory postsaccadic ocular drift. This ocular drift was still evident in the dark, although smaller (typically 15% of the amplitude of the antecedent saccade, up to a maximum drift of 8 degrees). Retinal slip alone, without a net displacement of the image, was sufficient to elicit these adaptive changes, and compensation for leftward and rightward saccades was independent. It took several days to complete adaptation, but recovery (in the light) was much quicker. The decay of this adaptation in darkness was very slow; after 3 days the ocular drift was reduced by less than 50%. The time constants of single exponential curve fits to adaptation time courses of data from five animals were 35 h for acquisition, 4 h for recovery, and at least 40 h for decay in darkness. Descriptions of the central innervation for a saccade are usually simplified to only two components: a pulse and a step. It has been hypothesized that suppression of pathological postsaccadic drift is achieved by adjusting the ratio of the pulse to the step of innervation (19, 26). However, we show that the time constant of the ocular drift is influenced by the time constant of the adapting stimulus, which cannot be explained by the simple pulse-step model of saccadic innervation. A more realistic representation of the saccadic innervation has three components: a pulse, an exponential slide, and a step. Normal saccades were accurately simulated by a fourth-order, linear model of the ocular motor plant driven by such a pulse-slide-step combination. Saccades made after prolonged exposure to optically induced retinal image slip could also be simulated by properly adjusting the slide and step components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)