Kinetics of drug action in disease states XI: effect of nicotine on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital and ethanol in rats.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the reported prolongation of barbiturate- and ethanol-induced sleeping times by nicotine in rodents are pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions. Adult female rats were pretreated with nicotine, either 0.5 or 1.5 mg/kg ip acutely or 0.5 mg/kg ip daily for 6 d, whereas control animals received saline solution. Phenobarbital or ethanol was infused intravenously at a slow rate until the rats lost their righting reflex. Acute pretreatment with nicotine reduced significantly the serum, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of phenobarbital and ethanol, respectively, at the onset of the loss of the righting reflex. Chronic pretreatment with nicotine had no such potentiating effects, indicative of rapid development of tolerance to nicotine. Neither acute nor chronic pretreatment with nicotine had any apparent effect on the elimination kinetics of phenobarbital or ethanol, on biochemical indices of hepatic integrity and renal function, or on the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier to protein. Nicotine, unlike morphine, did not increase the nociceptive threshold (tail squeeze) of rats under the experimental conditions. It is concluded that acute, but not chronic, pretreatment with nicotine increases the sensitivity of rats to the hypnotic effects of phenobarbital and ethanol, respectively. These interactions are entirely pharmacodynamic and have no apparent pharmacokinetic component.