Research on the Tadoma method of speech communication.

In Tadoma, speech is received by placing a hand on the talker's face and monitoring actions associated with speech production. Our initial research has documented the speech perception, speech production, and linguistic abilities of deaf-blind individuals highly trained in Tadoma. This research has demonstrated that good speech reception can be achieved through the tactile sense: Performance is roughly equivalent to that of normals listening in noise or babble with a signal-to-noise ratio in the range 0-6 dB. It appears that the principal cues employed are lip movement, jaw movement, oral airflow, and laryngeal vibration, and that the errors which occur are caused primarily by inadequate information on tongue position. Our current research includes (1) learning of Tadoma by normal subjects with simulated deafness and blindness, (2) augmenting Tadoma with a supplemental tactile display of tongue position, and (3) developing a synthetic Tadoma system in which signals recorded from a talker's face are used to drive an artificial face. This research is expected to increase our understanding of Tadoma and its relation to other tactile communication methods, show that performance obtained through Tadoma does not represent the ultimate limits of the tactile sense, and provide a research tool for studying transformations of Tadoma.