The early embryogenesis of papillary (sweat duct) ridges in primate glabrous skin: the dermatotopic map of cutaneous mechanoreceptors and dermatoglyphics.

The present study documents the early innervation of the epidermis prior to the onset of differentiation of the papillary (sweat duct) ridge in glabrous digital skin of rhesus monkey embryos measuring 45, 50 and 55 mm (crown-rump) length. We observed small papillary ridges, spaced at a distance of approximately 40 microns, projecting into the dermis in the center of the distal glabrous digital pad of digits 2-5 in the 55-mm embryo. The other digital pads lacked any sign of ridge formation. A two-dimensional, approximately hexagonal grid of afferent nerves was present in the superficial dermis of all digital and palmar pads. At regular intervals of approximately 40 microns, afferent nerves ascended from the superficial dermal nerve plexus and innervated the overlying epidermis. By electron microscopy, axonal growth cones were identified contacting Merkel cells that projected several microns down into the superficial dermis in the digital pad of digit 3. Thus, the earliest wave of differentiated dorsal root ganglion neuroblasts innervates Merkel cells. Schwann cells partially encircled these growing axon tips and could be identified by the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The youngest embryo studied had no sign of ridge formation; however, axons ascended from the superficial dermal nerve net at 30-40-microns intervals to innervate the epidermis. We conclude that afferent nerve fibers provide a two-dimensional grid that could modulate the spacing and arrangement of the papillary or sweat duct ridges of successive digits. Such an interaction is possible between digits based on the overlapping dermatotopic maps of each rete ridge. An abnormal fingerprint could thus reflect abnormal dorsal root ganglion neuroblasts expressed through mesenchyme and epidermis.