Sequential activation of neurons in primate motor cortex during unrestrained forelimb movement.

We trained monkeys to perform an unrestrained, reaching movement of the arm. Electromyogram (EMG) recordings of forelimb muscles revealed sequential activation, proximal to distal, of muscle groups involved in the task. The delay in onset of EMG activity between proximal (shoulder and elbow) and distal (wrist and finger) muscles was approximately 60 ms. We identified the neurons in the forelimb area of the contralateral motor cortex as controlling particular joints by previously defined criteria involving responses to somatosensory stimulation and effects of intracortical microstimulation. Many cells discharged prior to the onset of EMG activity acting on the appropriate joint, whereas others began firing at a later phase of the movement. The population of all proximal cells altered discharge patterns approximately 60 ms earlier than the population of distal cells. A small percentage of cells showed an initial inhibitory change in discharge frequency, and this inhibition typically occurred prior to the excitatory changes seen in the majority of cells. The results are discussed in terms of the "nested-zone" model of the forelimb motor cortex. The data support one of the predictions of this model, namely that discharges of identified cells within the cortical zones are causally related to voluntary movement at appropriate forelimb joints.