Subtotal cholecystectomy: for the difficult gallbladder in portal hypertension and cholecystitis.

An easy, safe, and definitive operation for the "difficult gallbladder" is described and has been termed subtotal cholecystectomy. Eighteen patients underwent subtotal cholecystectomy during a 30-month period, which constitutes approximately 7% of cholecystectomies performed at our institution. The indications were cholecystitis with severe fibrosis or inflammatory changes that prevented safe dissection in Calot's triangle in 11 patients and portal hypertension in seven patients (liver cirrhosis [two patients] and segmental portal hypertension caused by chronic pancreatitis [five patients]) to prevent massive blood loss from the gallbladder bed. The operation entails leaving the posterior wall of the gallbladder attached to the liver and securing the cystic duct at its origin from within the gallbladder with a purse string technique. The latter obviates the need for dangerous dissection in Calot's triangle. Control of bleeding from the remaining gallbladder edge is greatly facilitated by the use of a running suture after each stage of piecemeal excision of the gallbladder. All patients survived the operation and wound infection occurred in only two patients (11%). One patient required a laparotomy 1 month after surgery for adhesive small bowel obstruction related to the remaining gallbladder wall and site of a liver biopsy. No patients have so far developed postcholecystectomy symptoms (median follow-up 12.2 months; range 3 to 31 months). Subtotal cholecystectomy is a definitive operation that prevents recurrent gallstone formation, as no residual diseased gallbladder mucosa is left in continuity with the biliary system. It provides a simple, safe option in patients in whom cholecystectomy could be hazardous.