Dysmorphic growth and development and the study of craniofacial syndromes.

Some general principles of syndromic growth and development useful for cephalometric studies are set forth under the headings of bone age determination, limitations of radiographic assessment in syndromic dysmorphism, dysharmonic maturation and patterned dysmorphism, primary growth deficiency of prenatal onset, asymmetric dysmorphism, problems in diagnostic homogeneity, and problems in ascertainment bias.