Wasp venom peptides; wasp kinins, new cytotrophic peptide families and their physico-chemical properties.

In addition to wasp kinins, the wasp venom contains a series of hydrophobic peptides, mastoparans and chemotactic peptides as major peptidergic components. The first major component in the venom is mastoparam. The peptides in the mastoparan family are tetradecapeptide amides which cause degranulation of the mast cells to release histamine from the cells, and act on the adrenal chromaffin cells to release catecholamines and adenylic acids. Some mastoparans cause hemolysis and serotonin release from the platelets. The new cytotrophic peptides as the second major components are tridecapeptide amides possessing chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes. Some of the peptides in this family also cause histamine release from the mast cells. Mastoparan takes a random coil structure in aqueous solution but changes its conformation to alpha-helix in methanolic solution or in the presence of lysophosphatidyl choline. This fact is confirmed also by the transferred nuclear overhauser effect by NMR analysis. The similar phenomenon was observed in the family of chemotactic peptides. The helical conformation of these peptides are amphipathic structure in which all of side chains of the hydrophobic amino acids are located on one side of the axis, and those of the basic or the hydrophilic amino acid residues are on an opposite side. Mastoparan enhances the membrane conductivity of the lipid bilayer when the peptide is investigated by the black lipid membrane experiment. This indicates that the peptide may be assembled in the membrane by changing its conformation and, for some reason, enhances the ion transfer through the membrane. These properties of the peptide may reveal various activities on the cell membrane.