A life-span study of the interaction of selectivity and knowledge in memory.

Preschool children, young adults, and old adults viewed a series of familiar scenes and were asked to remember 1 item from each. The incidental memory of both children and old adults was less accurate than that of young adults. The result for children contrasts with the typical result of selective memorization research. Memory for high-expectancy items exceeded that for low-expectancy items by a greater margin when items were incidental, suggesting that even preschool children activate scene schemas during encoding. Only the young adults, however, showed the predicted tendency to recognize low-expectancy items better than high-expectancy items when items were intentional. These results may be reconcilable if some, but not all, schema-mediated encoding effects on memory depend on strategic encoding.