Surgical staging of gastric carcinoma: sources and consequences of error.

Macroscopic 'TNM' staging was performed during 78 consecutive operations for gastric carcinoma and compared with subsequent pathological staging. Surgical assessment was correct for tumour (T) in 60 per cent when depth of invasion was assessed, for nodes (N) in 61 per cent, for liver metastases (M) in 92 per cent but for all aspects in only 21 per cent. Curability (conservatively defined as T1-3, N0-1, M0) was correct in 8 of 18 patients thus assessed at surgery and incurability was pathologically correct in 58 of 60 patients. Despite inaccurate surgical staging, no patient was denied a resection although 10 patients had unduly radical procedures for their stage and 2 had inappropriately conservative procedures for their stage (but without evidence of residual disease). Staging errors did not jeopardize conventional surgical management substantially and use of intra-operative microscopic sampling of nodes would have improved surgical treatment only minimally.