A fibrous dynamic continuum model of the tympanic membrane.

The geometry and anisotropic ultrastructure of the tympanic membrane are used in combination with curvilinear shell equations to formulate a general continuum model describing its dynamic behavior. Primary terms appearing in the model are associated with shell membrane restoring forces, bending-type structural damping, and transverse inertia. Since the model is based extensively on the physical characteristics of the membrane, it is relatively easy to account for differences between species as well as pathological conditions. The fibrous structure and cone-shaped geometry, readily apparent in mammalian eardrums, introduce several small parameters into the model that are exploited in order to construct a closed-form asymptotic solution. The solution includes the coupling to the three-dimensional motion of the ossicular chain and it includes the frequency-dependent pressure distribution in the auditory canal. When applied to the cat eardrum, this asymptotic solution is shown to reproduce a large manifold of experimentally observed frequency and excitation-dependent vibrational shapes. In addition to the shapes, transient amplitude and phase data for the cat are reproduced.