Dietary guidelines for cancer prevention: the etiology of a confused debate.

Several organizations in different countries have issued dietary guidelines for the public in order to reduce cancer incidence. Meanwhile, proponents and opponents of dietary guidelines disagree about their justification. Unfortunately, the discussion is confined to the question of whether or not present evidence is a firm enough base for recommendations. However, in addition to health-related aspects, other arguments, such as economic, sociological, psychological, ethical, philosophical, and education aspects, also play a role in the decision about dietary guidelines. It is argued that the present debate has resulted in much confusion, because the latter arguments have rarely come up for consideration in the discussion. This paper addresses the various arguments that are involved in the decision-making process. Thus, insight is gained into the causes of the present controversy with regard to dietary guidelines.