Kristin Widyasari1, Jieun Jang2, Seungjun Lee3, Taejoon Kang4, Sunjoo Kim5. 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, 51472, South Korea. 2. Gyeongnam Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Changwon 51154, South Korea. 3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, 51472, South Korea; Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju 52727, South Korea. 4. Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea. 5. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, 51472, South Korea; Gyeongnam Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Changwon 51154, South Korea; Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju 52727, South Korea. Electronic address: sjkim8239@hanmail.net.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a worldwide concern since 2019. Vaccines are predicted to be crucial in preventing further outbreaks. The development and kinetics of immune responses determine the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS: We measured interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels upon administering homologous adenovirus vector-based (ChAdOx1-S [AZ], Ad26.COV2.S [JAN]), mRNA-based (BNT162b2 [PF]; mRNA-1273 [MO]), and heterologous (AZ/PF) vaccines in healthy Korean individuals using two IFN-γ release assays: the Covi-FERON ELISA and T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 assay. B cell responses were evaluated by assessing the production of neutralizing antibodies by surrogate virus neutralization assay. The immune response among the vaccine groups was compared after adjusting the vaccination dose and interactions between each group. RESULTS: AZ triggered the highest T cell response after the first dose but showed instability after the second. PF and MO yielded stable and higher increments of T and B cell responses compared to AZ. MO yielded a higher immune response than PF. JAN yielded T and B cell responses at lower levels than the other vaccines. The booster dose triggered significant increases in the T and B cell responses and is therefore needed to protect against SARS-CoV-2 given the possibility of waning immune responses. CONCLUSION: Administering two doses of mRNA vaccines provides the most effective results among the administered vaccines in triggering the immune response specific to SARS-CoV-2 in healthy Korean individuals. Administration of booster doses demonstrated a significant increase in the immune response and may provide longer protection against SARS-CoV-2.
BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a worldwide concern since 2019. Vaccines are predicted to be crucial in preventing further outbreaks. The development and kinetics of immune responses determine the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS: We measured interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels upon administering homologous adenovirus vector-based (ChAdOx1-S [AZ], Ad26.COV2.S [JAN]), mRNA-based (BNT162b2 [PF]; mRNA-1273 [MO]), and heterologous (AZ/PF) vaccines in healthy Korean individuals using two IFN-γ release assays: the Covi-FERON ELISA and T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 assay. B cell responses were evaluated by assessing the production of neutralizing antibodies by surrogate virus neutralization assay. The immune response among the vaccine groups was compared after adjusting the vaccination dose and interactions between each group. RESULTS: AZ triggered the highest T cell response after the first dose but showed instability after the second. PF and MO yielded stable and higher increments of T and B cell responses compared to AZ. MO yielded a higher immune response than PF. JAN yielded T and B cell responses at lower levels than the other vaccines. The booster dose triggered significant increases in the T and B cell responses and is therefore needed to protect against SARS-CoV-2 given the possibility of waning immune responses. CONCLUSION: Administering two doses of mRNA vaccines provides the most effective results among the administered vaccines in triggering the immune response specific to SARS-CoV-2 in healthy Korean individuals. Administration of booster doses demonstrated a significant increase in the immune response and may provide longer protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Authors: Kathryn E Stephenson; Mathieu Le Gars; Jerald Sadoff; Anne Marit de Groot; Dirk Heerwegh; Carla Truyers; Caroline Atyeo; Carolin Loos; Abishek Chandrashekar; Katherine McMahan; Lisa H Tostanoski; Jingyou Yu; Makda S Gebre; Catherine Jacob-Dolan; Zhenfeng Li; Shivani Patel; Lauren Peter; Jinyan Liu; Erica N Borducchi; Joseph P Nkolola; Morgana Souza; Chen Sabrina Tan; Rebecca Zash; Boris Julg; Ruvandhi R Nathavitharana; Roger L Shapiro; Ahmed Abdul Azim; Carolyn D Alonso; Kate Jaegle; Jessica L Ansel; Diane G Kanjilal; Caitlin J Guiney; Connor Bradshaw; Anna Tyler; Tatenda Makoni; Katherine E Yanosick; Michael S Seaman; Douglas A Lauffenburger; Galit Alter; Frank Struyf; Macaya Douoguih; Johan Van Hoof; Hanneke Schuitemaker; Dan H Barouch Journal: JAMA Date: 2021-04-20 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Tara M Narowski; Kristin Raphel; Lily E Adams; Jenny Huang; Nadja A Vielot; Ramesh Jadi; Aravinda M de Silva; Ralph S Baric; John E Lafleur; Lakshmanane Premkumar Journal: Cell Rep Date: 2022-01-20 Impact factor: 9.995
Authors: Ann R Falsey; Magdalena E Sobieszczyk; Ian Hirsch; Stephanie Sproule; Merlin L Robb; Lawrence Corey; Kathleen M Neuzil; William Hahn; Julie Hunt; Mark J Mulligan; Charlene McEvoy; Edwin DeJesus; Michael Hassman; Susan J Little; Barbara A Pahud; Anna Durbin; Paul Pickrell; Eric S Daar; Larry Bush; Joel Solis; Quito Osuna Carr; Temitope Oyedele; Susan Buchbinder; Jessica Cowden; Sergio L Vargas; Alfredo Guerreros Benavides; Robert Call; Michael C Keefer; Beth D Kirkpatrick; John Pullman; Tina Tong; Margaret Brewinski Isaacs; David Benkeser; Holly E Janes; Martha C Nason; Justin A Green; Elizabeth J Kelly; Jill Maaske; Nancy Mueller; Kathryn Shoemaker; Therese Takas; Richard P Marshall; Menelas N Pangalos; Tonya Villafana; Antonio Gonzalez-Lopez Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2021-09-29 Impact factor: 176.079
Authors: Edson D Moreira; Nicholas Kitchin; Xia Xu; Samuel S Dychter; Stephen Lockhart; Alejandra Gurtman; John L Perez; Cristiano Zerbini; Michael E Dever; Timothy W Jennings; Donald M Brandon; Kevin D Cannon; Michael J Koren; Douglas S Denham; Mezgebe Berhe; David Fitz-Patrick; Laura L Hammitt; Nicola P Klein; Haylene Nell; Georgina Keep; Xingbin Wang; Kenneth Koury; Kena A Swanson; David Cooper; Claire Lu; Özlem Türeci; Eleni Lagkadinou; Dina B Tresnan; Philip R Dormitzer; Uğur Şahin; William C Gruber; Kathrin U Jansen Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2022-03-23 Impact factor: 91.245