Manoj V Murhekar1, Nivedita Gupta2, Alvira Z Hasan3, Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar4, V Saravana Kumar4, Christine Prosperi3, Gajanan N Sapkal5, Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj4, Ojas Kaduskar5, Vaishali Bhatt5, Gururaj Rao Deshpande5, Ullas Padinjaremattathil Thankappan5, Avi Kumar Bansal6, Sanjay L Chauhan7, Gangandeep Singh Grover8, Arun Kumar Jain9, Ragini N Kulkarni7, Santanu Kumar Sharma10, Itta K Chaaithanya11, Sanchit Kharwal12, Sunil K Mishra12, Neha R Salvi13, Sandeep Sharma6, Nilanju P Sarmah14, R Sabarinathan4, Augustine Duraiswamy4, D Sudha Rani4, K Kanagasabai4, Abhishek Lachyan13, Poonam Gawali13, Mitali Kapoor13, Arpit Kumar Shrivastava6, Saurabh Kumar Chonker6, Bipin Tilekar5, Babasaheb V Tandale5, Mohammad Ahmad15, Lucky Sangal16, Amy Winter17, Sanjay M Mehendale18, William J Moss19, Kyla Hayford3. 1. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India. Electronic address: mmurhekar@nieicmr.org.in. 2. Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India. 3. International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. 4. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India. 5. ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India. 6. ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India. 7. ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India. 8. Directorate of Health Services, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, India. 9. ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India. 10. ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, India. 11. ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India. 12. Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. 13. Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India. 14. Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Chabua, Assam, India. 15. WHO Country Office, New Delhi, India. 16. WHO, Southeast Asia Region Office, New Delhi, India. 17. International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. 18. PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India. 19. International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: India did phased measles-rubella supplementary immunisation activities (MR-SIAs; ie, mass-immunisation campaigns) targeting children aged 9 months to less than 15 years. We estimated measles-rubella seroprevalence before and after the MR-SIAs to quantify the effect on population immunity and identify remaining immunity gaps. METHODS: Between March 9, 2018 and March 19, 2020 we did community-based, cross-sectional serosurveys in four districts in India before and after MR-SIAs. 30 villages or wards were selected within each district, and one census enumeration block from each was selected as the survey cluster. Households were enumerated and 13 children in the younger age group (9 months to <5 years) and 13 children in the older ager group (5 to <15 years) were randomly selected by use of computer-generated random numbers. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses by enzyme immunoassay. FINDINGS: Specimens were collected from 2570 children before the MR-SIA and from 2619 children afterwards. The weighted MR-SIA coverage ranged from 73·7% to 90·5% in younger children and from 73·6% to 93·6% in older children. Before the MR-SIA, district-level measles seroprevalence was between 80·7% and 88·5% among younger children in all districts, and between 63·4% and 84·5% among older children. After the MR-SIA, measles seroprevalence among younger children increased to more than 90% (range 91·5 to 96·0) in all districts except Kanpur Nagar, in which it remained unchanged 80·4%. Among older children, measles seroprevalence increased to more than 90·0% (range 93·7% to 96·5%) in all districts except Hoshiarpur (88·7%). A significant increase in rubella seroprevalence was observed in all districts in both age groups, with the largest effect in Dibrugarh, where rubella seroprevalence increased from 10·6% to 96·5% among younger children. INTERPRETATION: Measles-rubella seroprevalence increased substantially after the MR-SIAs but the serosurvey also identified remaining gaps in population immunity. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Indian Council of Medical Research.
BACKGROUND: India did phased measles-rubella supplementary immunisation activities (MR-SIAs; ie, mass-immunisation campaigns) targeting children aged 9 months to less than 15 years. We estimated measles-rubella seroprevalence before and after the MR-SIAs to quantify the effect on population immunity and identify remaining immunity gaps. METHODS: Between March 9, 2018 and March 19, 2020 we did community-based, cross-sectional serosurveys in four districts in India before and after MR-SIAs. 30 villages or wards were selected within each district, and one census enumeration block from each was selected as the survey cluster. Households were enumerated and 13 children in the younger age group (9 months to <5 years) and 13 children in the older ager group (5 to <15 years) were randomly selected by use of computer-generated random numbers. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses by enzyme immunoassay. FINDINGS: Specimens were collected from 2570 children before the MR-SIA and from 2619 children afterwards. The weighted MR-SIA coverage ranged from 73·7% to 90·5% in younger children and from 73·6% to 93·6% in older children. Before the MR-SIA, district-level measles seroprevalence was between 80·7% and 88·5% among younger children in all districts, and between 63·4% and 84·5% among older children. After the MR-SIA, measles seroprevalence among younger children increased to more than 90% (range 91·5 to 96·0) in all districts except Kanpur Nagar, in which it remained unchanged 80·4%. Among older children, measles seroprevalence increased to more than 90·0% (range 93·7% to 96·5%) in all districts except Hoshiarpur (88·7%). A significant increase in rubella seroprevalence was observed in all districts in both age groups, with the largest effect in Dibrugarh, where rubella seroprevalence increased from 10·6% to 96·5% among younger children. INTERPRETATION: Measles-rubella seroprevalence increased substantially after the MR-SIAs but the serosurvey also identified remaining gaps in population immunity. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Indian Council of Medical Research.
Authors: Satish Kumar Gupta; Stephen Sosler; Pradeep Haldar; Henri van den Hombergh; Anindya Sekhar Bose Journal: Indian Pediatr Date: 2011-05 Impact factor: 1.411
Authors: G L Gilbert; R G Escott; H F Gidding; F M Turnbull; T C Heath; P B McIntyre; M A Burgess Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2001-10 Impact factor: 2.451
Authors: Yagob Y Al-Mazrou; Mohamed K Khalil; Annedore Tischer; Mohamed H Al-Jeffri; Yasser S Al-Ghamdi; Mohamed M Bakhsh; Ameen A Mishkas; Sirag A Elgizouli Journal: Saudi Med J Date: 2005-10 Impact factor: 1.484