| Literature DB >> 36238783 |
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease is an occlusive condition commonly involving the lower extremity vessels. When the aortoiliac region is affected by this disease, conventional management involves surgical bypass and endovascular treatment has been mainly recommended for patients with focal and simple lesions. It has been common strategy to perform endovascular treatment for selected patients with high surgical risk due to its minimally invasive nature. However, recent advances in the devices and techniques for endovascular treatment have resulted in its utilization for treating patients with various disease status and its clinical outcomes are comparable to those of conventional surgery. This review discusses the current diagnostic strategies for peripheral artery disease in the aortoiliac region, followed by the introduction of techniques and devices, and the role of endovascular treatment. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238783 PMCID: PMC9432438 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0071
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Rutherford Classification for Chronic Limb Ischemia
| Grade | Category | Clinical Description | Objective Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | Asymptomatic-no hemodynamically significant occlusive disease | Normal treadmill or reactive hyperemia test |
| 1 | Mild claudication | Completes treadmill exercise; AP after exercise > 50 mm Hg but at least 20 mm Hg lower than resting value | |
| I | 2 | Moderate claudication | Between categories 1 and 3 |
| 3 | Severe claudication | Cannot complete standard treadmill exercise, and AP after exercise < 50 mm Hg | |
| II | 4 | Ischemic rest pain | Resting AP < 40 mm Hg, flat or barely pulsatile ankle or metatarsal PVR; TP < 30 mm Hg |
| III | 5 | Minor tissue loss-nonhealing ulcer, focal gangrene with diffuse pedal ischemia | Resting AP < 60 mm Hg, ankle or metatarsal PVR flat or barely pulsatile; TP < 40 mm Hg |
| 6 | Major tissue loss-extending above TM level, functional foot no longer salvagable | Same as category 5 |
Adapted from Rutherford et al. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:517-538 (7).
AP = ankle pressure, PVR = pulse volume recording, TM = transmetatarsal, TP = toe pressure
TASC II Classification of Aortoiliac Lesions
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| A | - Unilateral or bilateral stenoses of CIA |
| - Unilateral or bilateral single short (≤ 3 cm) stenosis of EIA | |
| B | - Short (≤ 3 cm) stenosis of intrarenal aorta |
| - Unilateral CIA occlusion | |
| - Single or multiple stenosis totaling 3–10 cm involving the EIA not extending into the CFA | |
| - Unilateral EIA occlusion not involving the origins of internal iliac or CFA | |
| C | - Bilateral CIA occlusions |
| - Bilateral EIA stenoses 3–10 cm long not extending into the CFA | |
| - Unilateral EIA stenosis extending into the CFA | |
| - Unilateral EIA occlusion that involves the origins of internal iliac and/or CFA | |
| - Heavily calcified Unilateral EIA occlusion with or without involvement of origins of internal iliac and/or CFA | |
| D | - Infra-renal aortoiliac occlusion |
| - Diffuse disease involving the aorta and both iliac arteries requiring treatment | |
| - Diffuse multiple stenoses involving the unilateral CIA, EIA, and CFA | |
| - Unilateral occlusions of both CIA and EIA | |
| - Bilateral occlusions of EIA | |
| - Iliac stenoses in patients with AAA requiring treatment and not amenable to endograft placement or other lesions requiring open aortic or iliac surgery |
Adapted from Norgren et al. J Vasc Surg 2007;45 Suppl S:S5-S67 (3).
AAA = abdominal aortic aneurysm, CFA = common femoral artery, CIA = common iliac artery, EIA = external iliac artery, TASC = Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus
Fig. 1Lesion crossing in a 66-year-old male patient with left side claudication.
A. On abdominal aortography, total occlusion of the left common iliac artery (arrows) is seen.
B. Under roadmap fluoroscopy guidance, antegrade lesion crossing was attempted with a 5-Fr reverse-curved catheter (Simmons-1, arrows) and a 0.035” hydrophilic guidewire, which was not successful.
C. Additional retrograde access was made and lesion crossing was attempted with a 5-Fr short-angled catheter (Davis) and a 0.035” hydrophilic guidewire. Note that the antegrade and retrograde guidewires entered the subintimal space (arrows) but could not advance into the true lumen of the external iliac artery or distal abdominal aorta.
D. Using a 10-mm snare catheter, the antegrade guidewire was captured in the subintimal space (arrow) and could be externalized for subsequent procedures.
Fig. 2Endovascular revascularization in a 77-year-old male patient with bilateral claudication.
A. On abdominal aortography, flush occlusion of the right common iliac artery (black arrow) and multifocal stenosis in the left common iliac and external iliac arteries (white arrows) are seen.
B. After retrograde lesion crossing, simultaneous deployment of two balloon-expandable covered stents (LifeStream; BD Bard Peripheral Vascular, Tempe, AZ, USA) was performed from the distal abdominal aorta to the common iliac arteries (black arrows). Note that the right external iliac artery stenosis is seen after contrast injection via the right common femoral vascular sheath (white arrow).
C. Following expansion of the balloon-expandable covered stents (black arrows), self-expanding stents (Epic; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) were deployed to treat the multifocal stenosis in the bilateral external iliac arteries (white arrows).
D. Subsequent abdominal aortography shows restoration of blood flow from the abdominal aorta to the bilateral femoral arteries was restored; this restoration was achieved using kissing stents from the distal abdominal aorta to the bilateral external iliac arteries (arrows).