| Literature DB >> 36238735 |
Abstract
International guidelines recommended screening with ultrasonography (US) every 6 months for patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, US demonstrates low sensitivity for the early detection of HCC. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the noninvasive diagnosis of HCC, but it is not suitable for surveillance due to its lengthy examination and high cost. Therefore, several studies have been using various abbreviated MRI strategies, including noncontrast abbreviated MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI, and abbreviated MRI using hepatobiliary phase image for HCC surveillance. In this article, we aim to review these various strategies and explore the future direction of HCC surveillance considering the cost-effectiveness aspect. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238735 PMCID: PMC9431949 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0025
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1Strategies of abbreviated MRI.
Noncontrast abbreviated MRI consists of pre-enhanced T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and DWIs. Dynamic contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI consists of gadolinium-based contrast agent-enhanced T1-weighted dynamic (pre-enhanced, AP, PVP, DP) images. Abbreviated MRI using HBP image consists of T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and HBP images. All abbreviated MRI strategies take less than 10 minutes.
AP = arterial phase, DP = delayed phase, DWI = diffusion weighted image, HBP = hepatobiliary phase, PVP = portal venous phase
Fig. 2An example of noncontrast abbreviated MRI for HCC surveillance.
Noncontrast abbreviated MR images in a 51-year-old male with chronic hepatitis B demonstrate a 2.3-cm observation in segment 4a that shows hypointensity on the pre-enhanced T1-weighted image and mild hyperintensity on the T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images. This study was considered positive for suspected HCC, and the patient was referred for a complete-protocol diagnostic MRI.
HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma
Studies on Noncontrast Abbreviated MRI
| Reference | Composition of Patients | Composition of Abbreviated MRI | Assessment | Reference Standard | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. ( | 135 patients with 136 HCCs, 12 cholangiocarcinoma, 34 benign lesions | T1-WI | Any size | Histopatholocial examination | 91.7 | 77.5 | 94.7 | 68.1 |
| T2-WI | 4-point scale | |||||||
| 22 patients with cirrhosis but no focal lesion | DWI | 1) probably not a malignancy, | ||||||
| 2) possibly not a malignancy, | ||||||||
| 3) probably a malignancy, | ||||||||
| 4) definitely a malignancy | ||||||||
| Test-positive: 3 and 4 | ||||||||
| Han et al. ( | 175 patients with initially diagnosed HCCs | T1-WI | ≥ 10 mm | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 82.9–86.3 | 76.4–87.5 | N/A | N/A |
| T2-WI | If any two of three findings favoring HCC, “suspicious lesion” (test-positive) | |||||||
| 72 patients with chronic liver disease | DWI | 1) Mild-to-moderate T2 hyperintensity | ||||||
| 2) Fat component on T1-WI in- and out-of- phase | ||||||||
| 3) Restricted diffusion | ||||||||
| Chan et al. ( | 188 patients including 28 patients with 42 malignant lesions | T1-WI | Any size “return to screening” or “needs further imaging” (test-positive) | Imaging findings | 84.5 | 92.7 | 67.0 | 97.1 |
| T2-WI | ||||||||
| DWI | ||||||||
| Whang et al. ( | 140 patients with initially diagnosed HCCs | T1-WI | ≥ 10 mm | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 85.7-89.6 | 92.7 | N/A | N/A |
| T2-WI | If any two of three findings favoring HCC, “suspicious lesion” (test-positive) | |||||||
| 123 patients with chronic liver disease | DWI | 1) Mild-to-moderate T2 hyperintensity | ||||||
| 2) Fat component on T1-WI in- and out-of- phase | ||||||||
| 3) Restricted diffusion |
DWI = diffusion weighted image, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, N/A = not available, NPV = negative predictive value, PPV = positive predictive value, T1-WI = T1-weighted image, T2-WI = T2-weighted image
Fig. 3An example of dynamic contrast-enhanced abbreviated MRI for HCC surveillance. Axial dynamic gadoxetic acid-enhanced T1-weighted MR images in a 53-year-old male with chronic hepatitis B demonstrate a 2.0-cm observation in segment 5 that shows enhancement on the arterial phase image and washout appearance on the portal venous and transitional phase images. These imaging findings correspond to Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System category LR-5, and this study was considered positive for suspected HCC.
HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma
Studies of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Abbreviated MRI
| Reference | Composition of Patients | Composition of Abbreviated MRI | Assessment | Reference Standard | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. ( | 164 patients at increased risk for HCC | Gadobutrol (Gadovist®)-enhanced T1-weighted dynamic (pre/arterial/portal/delayed phase) images | LI-RADS v2014 category | Complete-protocol MRI | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No change of LI-RADS category in 95% of cases |
| Khatri et al. ( | 93 patients with liver cirrhosis | Gadobutrol (Gadovist®)-enhanced T1-weighted dynamic (arterial/portal/delayed phase) images | LI-RADS v2018 category | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 92.1 | 88.6 | N/A | N/A | |
| T2-WI | |||||||||
| Vietti Violi et al. ( | 237 patients with chronic liver disease | Gadoxetate disodium (Eovist®/Primovist®)-enhanced T1-weighted dynamic (pre/arterial/portal/transitional phase) images | LI-RADS v2018 category | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 84.6 | 99.8 | 95.7 | 99.1 | |
| T2-WI | |||||||||
| DWI |
DWI = diffusion weighted image, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, LI-RADS = Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System, N/A = not available, NPV = negative predictive value, PPV = positive predictive value, T2-WI = T2-weighted image
Fig. 4An example of abbreviated MRI using HBP image for HCC surveillance. Axial MR images in a 43-year-old male with chronic hepatitis B demonstrate a 2.1-cm observation in segment 6 that shows mild hyperintensity on the T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images and hypointensity on the HBP image. This study was considered positive for suspected HCC, and the patient was referred for a complete-protocol diagnostic MRI.
HBP = hepatobiliary phase, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma
Studies of Abbreviated MRI using HBP Image
| Reference | Composition of Patients | Composition of Abbreviated MRI | Assessment | Reference Standard | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marks et al. ( | 298 patients at risk for HCC | T2-WI | ≥ 10 mm, Imaging score 1 –5 | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 83.7 | 93.2 | 71.4 | 96.7 |
| DWI | Test-positive: 4 and 5 | |||||||
| HBP image | ||||||||
| Besa et al. ( | 62 patients with treatment-naïve HCC | Pre-enhanced | ≥ 10 mm | Histopathological examination | 80.6 | 96.1 | 92.0 | 90.0 |
| T1-WI | Restricted diffusion and HBP hypointensity | |||||||
| T2-WI | ||||||||
| 112 patients with liver cirrhosis | DWI | |||||||
| HBP images | ||||||||
| Tillman et al. ( | 79 patients at risk for HCC | T2-WI | ≥ 10 mm | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 85.2 | N/A | 78.0 | 95.0 |
| DWI | Imaging score 1–4 | |||||||
| HBP image | Test-positive: 3 and 4 | |||||||
| Vietti Violi et al. ( | 237 patients with chronic liver disease | T2-WI | Negative (no observation or definitely benign observations), subthreshold (≥ 1 lesions < 10 mm and not clearly benign), positive [≥ 1 nodules ≥ 10 mm or distinctive area(s) of heterogeneity] | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 80.8 | 94.9 | 47.7 | 98.8 |
| DWI | ||||||||
| HBP image | ||||||||
| Whang et al. ( | 140 patients with initially diagnosed HCCs | T2-WI | If any two of three findings favoring HCC, “suspicious lesion” (test-positive) | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 89.3–91.3 | 92.7 | N/A | N/A |
| DWI | 1) Mild-to-moderate T2 hyperintensity | |||||||
| 123 patients with chronic liver disease | HBP image | 2) Restricted diffusion | ||||||
| 3) HBP hypointensity | ||||||||
| Brunsing et al. ( | 330 patients (93% with cirrhosis, 7% with cHBV) | T2-WI | 4-point scale | Histopathological examination or imaging findings | 92.0 | 91.0 | 48.0 | 99.0 |
| DWI | 1) Negative: no focal observations or only definitely benign observations | |||||||
| HBP image | 2) Subthreshold: ≥ 1 observations not definitely benign, < 10 mm | |||||||
| 3) Positive: ≥ 1 observations not definitely benign, ≥ 10 mm | ||||||||
| 4) Inadequate: HBP images severely limited |
cHBV =chronic hepatitis B virus, DWI = diffusion weighted image, HBP = hepatobiliary phase, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, N/A = not available, NPV = negative predictive value, PPV = positive predictive value, T1-WI = T1-weighted image, T2-WI = T2-weighted image