| Literature DB >> 36238621 |
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only caused by accumulation of abnormal proteins, including amyloid and tau, but is also closely associated with abnormalities in the microvascular environment including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), both of which lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Application of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently increased to assess BBB permeability in AD and related diseases. Here, we provide a narrative review of BBB permeability-related pathology in Alzheimer dementia and recent MRI research on BBB permeability changes in AD and related diseases. Furthermore, we briefly introduce the measurement of BBB permeability using MRI and its methodological issues. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2020 PMID: 36238621 PMCID: PMC9431923 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2020.81.3.488
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1The Patlak model for blood–brain barrier permeability for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
It is a simplified version of the extended Tofts and two-compartment models. It assumes that there is minimal or no backflux from the brain to the arteries (i.e. Cp >> Ce). Accordingly, it only provides the estimation of two parameters: the volume transfer constant and Vp.
AIF = arterial input function, Ce = concentration of contrast in the interstitial space, Cp = concentration of contrast in blood plasma, Ktrans = volume transfer constant, EES = extravascular extracellular space, PS = permeability surface-area product, Ve = fractional interstitial volume, Vp = fractional plasma volume
Fig. 2Exemplary cases of BBB permeability (Ktrans) maps overlayed on coronal T1-weighted images. Compared to the normal control subject, the patient with Alzheimer dementia shows increased Ktrans values in the bilateral medial temporal lobes and other brain regions. Ktrans is a volume transfer constant between blood plasma and the extravascular extracellular space. Cognitive normal subject (left image). Patient with Alzheimer's disease (right image).
BBB = blood–brain barrier