| Literature DB >> 36238414 |
Eun Sol Lim, Yong Kyun Kim, Hye Mi Park, Seung Jin Lee.
Abstract
Tearing of the acetabular labrum is a common cause of chronic hip pain. MR arthrography (MRA) of the hip is the imaging procedure of choice for the evaluation of acetabular labrum. Familiarity with the various imaging findings of MRA of the hip allows recognition of normal variants and differentiation from true pathologic conditions. This article comprehensively reviews the technical aspects and interpretation of MRA of the hip. The appearances of normal and abnormal labra in MRA are discussed. Potential pitfalls in labral tear interpretation, such as sulci around the hip, normal variants of the labrum and plicae, and osseocartilaginous and soft tissue lesions identified on MRA of the hip are also described. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238414 PMCID: PMC9432357 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2020.0146
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1Patient positioning.
A, B. Neutral position (A), internal rotation (B). The femoral neck elongates during internal rotation of the hip joint. The contours of the femoral head-neck junction can be clearly visualized (arrowheads).
Fig. 2Target site of the needle approach.
A. The synovial capsule of the hip inserts at the femoral intertrochanteric line. The neurovascular bundle is usually located medial to the hip joint.
B. The superolateral aspect of the femoral head/neck junction is chosen as the target site to minimize the risk of damage to the femoral vessels and nerves.
Fig. 3Spinal needle.
Spinal needle with a bevel cutting edge and sharp tip.
Fig. 4Fluoroscopy-guided injection for hip MR arthrogram.
A. Smooth flow of contrast media along joint space (arrows) confirms an adequate intra-articular position of the needle tip (arrowhead).
B. Fluoroscopic image during contrast injection shows injected contrast surrounding the base of the femoral head (arrows) and extravasation into the iliopsoas muscle (arrowheads). Note that the needle tip is located in the lateral aspect of the femoral neck.
C, D. Oblique axial (C) and coronal (D) fat-suppressed-T1-weighted images from an MR arthrogram show contrast media extending along the iliopsoas muscle (arrowheads) and joint space (arrows).
Fig. 5Image planes of hip MRI.
A–D. Sagittal T1WI (A), oblique coronal FS-T2WI (B), oblique axial FS-T1WI (C), coronal T1WI (D). Oblique coronal image (B) is obtained perpendicular to the line connecting each acetabular labrum at the sagittal image along the long axis of the ilium (lines in A). Oblique axial plane (C) is obtained parallel to the long axis of the femoral neck (lines in B).
FS = fat-suppressed, T1WI = T1-weighted image, T2WI = T2-weighted image
Fig. 6Normal hip anatomy on oblique coronal fat-suppressed T1-weighted image.
1 = acetabular labrum, 2 = capsula articularis, 3 = perilabral recess, 4 = femoral head, 5 = transverse ligament, 6 = ligamentum teres, 7 = fovea, 8 = acetabulum, 9 = articular cartilage, 10 = ilium
Fig. 7Labral tear.
A. Labral tear. Oblique axial FS-T1WI from an MR arthrogram of a 39-year-old female shows deep extension of the contrast materials into the base of the anterosuperior acetabular labrum (arrow) consistent with a labral tear.
B, C. Intrasubstance tear. Oblique coronal FS-T1WI from an MR arthrogram of a 67-year-old female shows linear extension of the contrast materials into the articular side of the anterosuperior labrum (arrow) (B). Oblique axial FS-T1WI from an MR arthrogram of a 69-year-old female shows increased signal intensity and irregularity within the labrum (arrow) consistent with an intrasubstance tear (C).
FS = fat-suppressed, T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 8Acetabular cartilage lesions.
A, B. Articular cartilage fissure. Sagittal T1WI (A) and oblique axial FS-T1WI (B) from an MR arthrogram of a 58-year-old female show focal chondral fissure (arrows) in the anterosuperior aspect of the acetabular cartilage.
C, D. Articular cartilage erosion. Sagittal T1WI (C) and oblique axial FS-T1WI (D) from an MR arthrogram of a 70-year-old female show articular cartilage erosions and almost full-thickness loss (arrows) on the surface of the femoral head.
FS = fat-suppressed, T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 9Paralabral cyst.
A. Paralabral cyst. Oblique axial PDWI from an MR arthrogram shows a paralabral cyst (arrow) in the anterosuperior acetabulum, adjacent to a labral tear (arrowhead).
B. Intraosseous paralabral cyst. Coronal fat-suppressed PDWI from an MR arthrogram of a 71-year-old female shows an intraosseous high signal intensity lesion of the acetabulum suggestive of an intraosseous paralabral cyst (arrow).
PDWI = proton density-weighted image
Fig. 10Sublabral sulcus.
A. Coronal FS-T1WI from an MR arthrogram of a 38-year-old female shows a thin, smooth, and shallow linear extension of the contrast material at the base of the posterosuperior labrum (arrow).
B. Oblique axial FS-T1WI from an MR arthrogram of a 63-year-old male shows a shallow interposition of contrast medium partially separating the underside of the posterosuperior labrum (arrow).
FS = fat-suppressed, T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 11Transverse ligament labral junction sulcus.
A. Coronal FS-T1W1 from an MR arthrogram of a 51-year-old male shows transverse ligament-labral sulcus (arrow) that forms when the transverse ligament intersects with the acetabular labrum.
B–D. Sequential oblique axial FS-T1WI through the inferior aspect of the right hip show the transverse ligament (arrowheads) along the inferior acetabular margin and contrast extension (arrows) into the junction of the transverse ligament and anterior labrum (curved arrows).
FS = fat-suppressed, T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 12Perilabral sulcus.
Oblique coronal fat-suppressed T1-weighted image from an MR arthrogram of a 52-year-old male shows a perilabral recess (arrow) which is the anatomic space created between the joint capsule and labrum.
Fig. 13Degenerative changes of the labrum.
A. Oblique coronal FS proton density-weighted image of an MR arthrogram of a 73-year-old male shows increased signal intensity and increased labrum volume (arrow) suggestive of degenerative changes.
B. Oblique axial FS T1-weighted image of an MRA of a 68-year-old male shows increased signal intensity and marginal blunting of the labrum (arrow) consistent with degenerative changes.
FS = fat-suppressed
Fig. 14Illustrations of plica of the hip.
A. 1, labral plica; 2, neck plica; 3, ligamental plica.
B. Labral plica (arrow), a synovial reflection interposed between the labrum (asterisk) and the anteromedial joint capsule. The arrowhead indicates the iliofemoral ligament.
C. Neck plica (arrow), a synovial reflection extending from the lesser trochanter toward the articular margin of the femoral head (asterisk: acetabular labrum).
D. Ligamental plica (arrows) extending from the acetabular fovea at the base of the ligamentum teres (arrowhead).
Fig. 15Plica.
A. Labral plica. Oblique axial FS-T1WI of an MRA. The labral plica shows a hypointense linear structure (arrow), interposed between the labrum (arrowhead) and the anteromedial joint capsule.
B. Neck plica. Oblique coronal FS-T1WI of MRA. The neck plica shows a hypointense linear structure (arrow), paralleling the medial margin of the femoral neck.
C. Pectinofoveal fold. Oblique coronal FS-T1WI of MRA shows the pectinofoveal fold, extending to the lesser trochanter (arrow).
D. Ligamental plica. Oblique coronal FS-T1WI of MRA shows the ligamental plica (arrow), paralleling the ligamentum teres (arrowhead).
FS = fat-suppressed, MRA = MR arthrogram, T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 16Os acetabuli.
A, B. Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image (A) and oblique coronal T1-weighted image (B) from an MR arthrogram of a 28-year-old male demonstrate a rounded structure following the marrow signal intensity (arrows) separate from the adjacent acetabulum.
C. Anteroposterior radiography from the same patient shows that the structure identified on MR corresponding to a well-corticated ossicle (arrow).
Fig. 17Supraacetabular fossa.
Coronal fat-suppressed T1-weighted image MR arthrogram shows the supraacetabular fossa as a slit-like groove in the acetabular roof (12 o'clock, arrow).
Fig. 18Tubular tracking.
Oblique axial fat-suppressed T1-weighted image from MR arthrogram in a 64-year-old female shows the tracking of injected contrast material (arrow) into a blind-ending tubular structure from the posteromedial acetabulum to the ischium.
Fig. 19Iliopsoas bursa.
A, B. Axial fat-suppressed T2-weighted images from an MR arthrogram of a 66-year-old male demonstrate characteristic contrast accumulation (asterisks) beneath the musculotendinous portion of the iliopsoas (arrows), which communicates with the hip joint (arrowheads).
Fig. 20Obturator externus bursa.
A. Oblique coronal FS proton density MR arthrogram image of a 21-year-old male shows a small obturator externus bursa (asterisk). The bursa extends inferomedially and indents the externus muscle inferiorly (arrows).
B. Oblique axial FS T1-weighted image demonstrates the same contrast-filled outpouching (asterisk) in the plane of the obturator externus muscle.
FS = fat-suppressed
Fig. 21Ligamentum teres tear.
A, B. Coronal (A) and oblique axial (B) fat-suppressed T1-weighted image from an MR arthrogram of a 22-year-old male demonstrate a distorted appearance and fluid signal intensity within the ligamentum teres near its femoral attachment (arrows), consistent with a tear.
Fig. 22Insufficiency fracture.
Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image in a 63-year-old female shows fracture (arrows) of the left superior pubic ramus with an irregular low signal intensity fracture line and perilesional edema.
Fig. 23Stress fracture.
Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image of a 47-year-old female shows an intertrochanteric fracture with a low signal intensity fracture line (arrow) on the left femur with surrounding bone marrow edema.
Fig. 24Avascular necrosis.
Coronal T2-weighted imaging in a 46-year-old male shows avascular necrosis of the left femoral head (arrows).
Fig. 25Metastatic tumor.
A, B. Coronal T1-weighted image (A) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted image (B) in MR of a 76-year-old female with known lung cancer show T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense bone marrow lesions (arrows) on the left superior pubic ramus with surrounding edema.
C, D. Six months later, the bone marrow lesions have progressed to involve both pelvic bones (arrows), indicating aggravation of the metastatic tumors.
Fig. 26Synovial chondromatosis.
Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image in MR of a 64-year-old male shows numerous intraarticular subtle low signal intensity nodules within the left hip joint (arrows) suggestive of synovial chondromatosis.