| Literature DB >> 36238403 |
Jihyun Kim, Suk Hee Heo, Sang Soo Shin, Yong Yeon Jeong.
Abstract
The uterus can be largely divided into the uterine corpus and uterine cervix. Diseases that can occur in the uterine corpus, composed of the endometrium and myometrium, vary from benign to malignant tumors. Ultrasound and CT are the primary non-invasive evaluation methods to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors, but in some cases, they are difficult to differentiate due to their non-specific imaging findings. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has high resolution, helps not only in locating lesions but also in evaluating histological characteristics and staging of malignant tumors. In this review article, the characteristic MRI findings that radiologists should be aware of regarding various benign and malignant tumors detected in the uterine corpus are summarized with their points of differentiation. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238403 PMCID: PMC9432370 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0116
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1Normal uterus zonal anatomy in a 37-year-old female.
A, B. Sagittal T2WI and Gd-enhanced T1WI MRI show normal zones of the endometrium (e), junctional zone (asterisks), and myometrium (m). On T2WI (A), the endometrium shows hyperintensity with an intermediate intensity of myometrium, whereas the junction zone shows hypointensity. In contrast to the less enhanced junctional zone, the endometrium and myometrium are enhanced on Gd-enhanced T1WI (B).
C, D. Axial images of DWI and ADC maps. The endometrium (e) shows high signal intensity on DWI (C) with b-value 800 s/mm2 and iso signal intensity in ADC map (D).
ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient, DWI = diffusion-weighted image, Gd = gadolinium, T1WI = T1-weighted image, T2WI = T2-weighted image
Fig. 2Endometrial polyp in a 66-year-old female.
A. Transvaginal ultrasonography reveals a 2.3 cm × 1.6 cm echogenic mass with anechoic foci (arrowheads).
B. Sagittal T2-weighted MRI shows a 3.6 cm × 2.5 cm well-circumscribed heterogeneous hyperintense mass (arrows) with hyperintense foci (arrowheads) in the endometrial cavity.
Fig. 3Location of leiomyoma.
Fig. 4Typical leiomyoma in a 51-year-old female.
A. One of the masses is evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography, and the 3.7 cm × 3.5 cm mass shows heterogeneous hypoechogenicity to the surrounding myometrium.
B. In axial T2-weighted MRI, the masses (asterisks) reveal lower signal intensity than the myometrium.
Fig. 5Leiomyoma with red degeneration in a 43-year-old female.
A-C. On axial T2-weighted MRI (A), a 3.5 cm well-defined round mass (arrows) shows hyperintensity with accompanying peripheral hypointense rim. Axial fat-saturated T1WI MRI shows bright signal intensity of the mass, presuming hemorrhage (asterisk, B). Through axial subtraction images of pre-contrast T1WI from gadolinium-enhanced T1WI (C), the tumor shows no enhancement (asterisk, C).
T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 6Llipoleiomyoma in a 66-year-old female.
A. On transvaginal sonography, there is a 7.2 cm × 6.1 cm × 7.2 cm well-defined echogenic mass in the myometrium.
B-D. The well-defined mass (arrows) with hyperintensity on both axial T2-weighted MRI (B) and T1WI MRI (C) reveals a signal drop in fat-saturated axial T1WI MR image (D).
T1WI = T1-weighted image
Fig. 7Cellular leiomyoma in a 55-year-old female.
A, B. On sagittal T2-weighted MRI (A), there is a 5.6 cm × 6.4 cm well-circumscribed, relatively homogeneous intermediate signal intensity mass (arrows) in the myometrium with relatively delayed homogeneous enhancement on axial gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI (B).
C. The mass (arrows) shows a high signal intensity with diffusion restriction on the axial diffusion-weighted image.
D. Photomicrograph shows significantly increased cellularity compared to the surrounding myometrium (hematoxylin-eosin stain, × 100).
Fig. 8Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential in a 61-year-old female.
A-D. A 6.0 cm × 4.6 cm well-circumscribed subserosal myometrial mass (arrows) shows intermediate signal intensity in sagittal T2-weighted MRI (A) and heterogeneous enhancement in sagittal-gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI (B), and strong diffusion restriction in axial high b-value diffusion-weighted image (C) and marked hypointensity on axial apparent diffusion coefficient map (asterisks, D).
E. Photomicrograph shows increased cellularity and mitoses (red circles, 12/10 high power field) without necrosis or atypia (hematoxylin-eosin stain, × 100).
Fig. 9Adenomyosis and leiomyoma in a 45-year-old female.
Sagittal T2-weighted MRI shows a diffusely enlarged uterus and ill-defined hypointense lesion (arrows) with multifocal hyperintense foci in the posterior myometrium of the uterine corpus, compatible with focal adenomyosis. In contrast, a well-defined, homogeneous, hypointense mass (L), suggesting leiomyoma, is seen in the anterior myometrial wall.
World Health Organization Classification of Malignant Tumors in the Uterine Corpus
| Malignant Tumors in Uterine Corpus | |
|---|---|
| Endometrial cancer | |
| Endometrioid carcinoma | |
| Serous carcinoma | |
| Clear cell carcinoma | |
| Undifferentiated and dedifferentiated carcinoma | |
| Mixed carcinoma | |
| Carcinosarcoma | |
| Leiomyosarcoma | |
| Endometrial stromal sarcoma | |
| Undifferentiated uterine sarcoma | |
| Adenosarcoma | |
Fig. 10Stage IA endometrial cancer in a 54-year-old female.
A. On sagittal T2-weighted image MRI, endometrial cancer (arrow) shows low signal intensity than the normal endometrium and high signal intensity than the hypointense myometrium.
B. With the delayed phase of sagittal gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted image, cancer (arrow) reveals hypointensity to the myometrium, invading less than half of myometrium.
Staging of Endometrial Cancer
| Stage | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| I | Tumor confined to the uterine corpus | ||
| IA | < 50% of myometrial invasion | ||
| IB | ≥ 50% of the myometrium | ||
| II | Tumor invasion of cervical stroma, but yet confined to the uterine corpus | ||
| III | Beyond the uterine corpus with local and/or regional spread | ||
| IIIA | Tumor invasion of the serosa of the uterine corpus and/or adnexae | ||
| IIIB | Tumor invasion of vagina and/or parametrium | ||
| IIIC | Tumor involvement of pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes | ||
| IIIC1 | Positive to pelvic lymph nodes, only | ||
| IIIC2 | Positive to para-aortic lymph nodes | ||
| IV | Tumor invades mucosa of bladder and/or rectum, and/or distant metastases | ||
| IVA | Tumor invades mucosa of bladder and/or rectum | ||
| IVB | Distant metastases to intra-abdominal organs and/or inguinal lymph nodes | ||
Provided by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2018 (3).
Fig. 11Stage IB endometrial cancer in a 60-year-old female.
A. Axial T2-weighted MRI showing endometrial cancer (asterisk) with low signal intensity compared to the normal endometrium and high signal intensity to the hypointense myometrium.
B, C. The early phase (30 s) of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced axial T1-weighted MRI (B) showing the maximal contrast-to-noise between the tumor (arrows, B) and inner myometrium. In the equilibrium phase (120 s) (C), the tumor (arrows, C) is less enhanced than the surrounding myometrium and shows relative hypointensity.
Fig. 12Stage IB endometrial cancer with ≥ 50% of the myometrium invasion.
A-C. Axial T2WI MRI (A) shows hypointense lesion (arrow) in the right cornu and fundus of the uterus with focal diffusion restriction on axial high b-value DWI (arrows, B) and hypointensity on ADC map (arrow, C). On DWI (B) and ADC map (C), the depth of myometrial invasion is more clearly depicted than seen on T2WI (A).
ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient, DWI = diffusion-weighted image, T2WI = T2-weighted image
Fig. 13Stage II endometrial cancer in a 52-year-old female.
A, B. On sagittal T2-weighted MRI (A), a hyperintense endometrial cancer (arrows, A) shows cervical stromal invasion with disruption of low-signal-intensity cervical stroma, which was pathologically confirmed from the gross specimen (arrows, B).
Fig. 14Stage IIIA endometrial cancer with adnexal invasion in a 74-year-old female.
A broad-based endometrial cancer (asterisk) in the uterine fundus and right cornu shows extension (arrow) to the right dilated fallopian tube on axial T2-weighted MRI.
Fig. 15Stage IIIB endometrial cancer with vaginal invasion in a 62-year-old female.
Diffuse infiltrative endometrial cancer (asterisk) shows tumor extension to the cervix and vagina (arrows).
Fig. 16Stage IIIC1 endometrial cancer with bilateral pelvic metastatic lymphadenopathies in a 52-year-old female.
Coronal T2-weighted MRI shows heterogeneous hyperintense endometrial cancer (asterisk) and enlarged lymph nodes in both obturator chains (arrows).
Fig. 17Carcinosarcoma in a 63-year-old female.
A-D. A 6.5 cm × 5.0 cm papillary mass (asterisks) with heterogeneous hyperintensity on sagittal T2-weighted image MRI (A) is seen in the endometrial cavity, which shows heterogeneous enhancement (asterix) on Gd-enhanced T1 weighted image (B). The mass (asterisks) reveals heterogeneous hyperintensity on axial high b-value diffusion-weighted image (C) and high FDG uptake in FDG-PET/CT (D).
FDG = fluorodeoxyglucose
Fig. 18Leiomyosarcoma in a 57-year-old female.
A-D. On axial T2-weighted MRI (A), there is a 7.5 cm × 5.8 cm ill-defined heterogeneous mass (arrows) in the uterine myometrium, showing heterogeneous enhancement on axial gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI (B). T2 hyperintense portion (asterisk, A) with no enhancement (asterisk, B) within the mass represents necrotic changes. Heterogeneous hyperintensity on axial high b-value diffusion-weighted image (C) and hypointensity on apparent diffusion coefficient map (D) are seen from the mass (arrows).
Fig. 19Low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma in a 70-year-old female.
A, B. On sagittal T2-weighted MRI (A), there is an 8.5 cm × 7.2 cm × 11.5 cm ill-defined heterogeneous hyperintense mass (asterisk) with hemorrhage or necrotic change filling the endometrial cavity. Focal myometrial invasion (arrow) is seen. Note that the normal endometrium (arrowhead) is effaced. Sagittal gadolinium- enhanced T1-weighted MRI (B) shows heterogeneous enhancement of the tumor (asterisk).
Fig. 20Adenosarcoma in a 54-year-old female.
A, B. Axial T2-weighted MRI (A) shows a 2 cm extent of the hypointense papillary lesion (arrow, A) with several hyperintense foci in the endometrium. The mass shows multiple tiny non-enhancing foci (arrowhead, B), representing cystic foci on axial gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI (B).
Fig. 21Primary uterine lymphoma in a 70-year-old female.
A. Sagittal T2-weighted MRI reveals a 15.1 cm × 9.6 cm × 12.9 cm diffusely enlarged uterine corpus with homogenous intermediate signal intensity. The endometrium (arrowheads) is effaced but preserved with fluid signal intensity.
B, C. Homogenous and strong diffusion restriction on axial high b-value diffusion-weighted image (B) and marked low signal intensity in apparent diffusion coefficient map (C) suggests high cellularity of the tumor.
Summary of MR Imaging Features in Benign and Malignant Disease of the Uterine Corpus
| Disease | Location | MR Imaging Features | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Endometrial polyp | Endometrium | Heterogeneous SI or slightly lower SI than normal endometrium with low SI due to the fibrous core and high SI for cystic change on T2WI | |
| Endometrial cancer | Endometrium | Higher SI than myometrium on T2WI | |
| High SI on DWI | |||
| Early washout than normal myometrium and shows maximal CNR between tumor and normal myometrium on DCE | |||
| Carcinosarcoma | Endometrium | High SI than myometrium on T1WI | |
| Heterogeneous high SI in T2WI | |||
| Delayed enhancement | |||
| High SI on DWI | |||
| Leiomyoma | Myometrium | ||
| Typical leiomyoma | Well defined, low SI than normal myometrium on T2WI | ||
| Cellular leiomyoma | Heterogeneous high SI on T2WI | ||
| Gradual and homogeneous enhancement high SI on DWI | |||
| STUMP | Intermediate SI on T2WI | ||
| Heterogeneous enhancement | |||
| High SI on DWI | |||
| Leiomyosacroma | Myometrium | Heterogeneous intermediate to high SI on T2WI | |
| High SI on T1WI due to hemorrhage | |||
| Heterogeneous enhancement | |||
| Heterogeneous high SI on DWI | |||
| Endometrial stromal sarcoma | Endometrium and/or myometrium | Heterogeneous high SI with low SI of worm-like structure or nodularity on T2WI | |
| Heterogeneous enhancement | |||
| High SI on DWI | |||
| Adenosarcoma | Endometrium, myometrium, uterine cervix | Low SI within hyperintense cysts on T2WI | |
| Intravascular growth | |||
| Lymphoma | Myometrium, uterine cervix | Homogenous intermediate or high SI on T2WI | |
| Homogenous enhancement | |||
| Homogenous high SI on DWI | |||
CNR = contrast-to-noise, DCE = dynamic contrast-enhanced images, DWI = diffusion-weighted image, SI = signal intensity, STUMP = stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential, T1WI = T1-weighted image, T2WI = T2-weighted image