| Literature DB >> 36238388 |
Abstract
Incidental adnexal masses considered indeterminate for malignancy are commonly observed on ultrasonography. Multiparametric MRI is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses. Conventional MRI enables a confident pathologic diagnosis of various benign lesions due to accurate tissue characterization of fat, blood, fibrous tissue, and solid components. Additionally, functional imaging sequences, including perfusion- and diffusion-weighted imaging, improve the diagnostic efficacy of conventional MRI in differentiating benign from malignant adnexal masses. The ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (O-RADS) MRI was recently designed to provide consistent interpretations in assigning risk of malignancy to ovarian and other adnexal masses, and to provide a management recommendation for each risk category. In this review, we describe the clinical application of multiparametric MRI for the evaluation of adnexal masses and introduce the O-RADS MRI risk stratification system. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238388 PMCID: PMC9432352 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0111
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Summary of Multiparametric MR Pulse Sequences for Adnexal Masses (1128)
| MR Pulse Sequences | Key Image Features to Check | |
|---|---|---|
| Multiplanar (sagittal, axial, coronal) fast spin echo T2WI | 1. Detection of normal ovaries or abnormal lesion | |
| 2. Localization of lesion (ovarian vs. extraovarian) | ||
| 3. Characterization of lesion (cystic vs. solid) | ||
| 4. Homogeneous dark SI of solid tumor on T2WI (fibroma) | ||
| Axial T1WI | High SI on T1WI (fat, hemorrhage, proteinaceous fluid, etc.) | |
| Axial fat-suppressed T1WI | - Signal suppression of high SI on T1WI → macroscopic fat in teratoma | |
| - Persistent high SI → endometrial cyst (homogeneous high on fat-suppressed T1WI and shading on T2WI), hemorrhagic cyst, mucinous tumor, etc. | ||
| Precontrast- and dynamic contrast-enhanced T1WI | 1. Detection of enhancing solid component | |
| 2. In case of adnexal mass with enhancing solid tissue, analysis of time-SI curve of enhancing solid tissue | ||
| - Type 1: slow gradual increase in the signal of solid tissue, without a well-defined shoulder (benign) | ||
| - Type 2: a moderate initial rise in the signal of solid tissue relative to that of myometrium | ||
| - Type 3: an initial rise in the signal of solid tissue steeper than that of myometrium (malignancy) | ||
| Subtraction image | - Subtraction of pre-contrast T1WI from post-contrast T1WI | |
| - Useful for detection of an enhancing solid component in endometrial cyst | ||
| DWI (b = 800–1000 sec/mm2) | - High SI on high b-value DWI and low ADC values mean restricted diffusion | |
| - Generally, malignant tumors present restricted diffusion and benign tumors do not | ||
| - Presence of diffusion restriction is sensitive but not specific for malignancy and absence of diffusion restriction is specific but not sensitive for benignity | ||
| - The representative benign adnexal lesions showing diffusion restriction include teratoma, endometrial cyst, tuboovarian abscess, and some benign stromal tumors | ||
ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient, DWI = diffusion-weighted image, SI = signal intensity, T1WI = T1-weighted image, T2WI = T2-weighted image
Fig. 1Ovarian fibroma in a 28-year-old female (O-RADS MRI 2).
A–C. Axial T2-weighted (A), T1-weighted (B), and fat-suppressed contrast enhanced T1-weighted (C) MR images show a 5-cm predominantly solid mass (arrows) within the left ovary. Note the peripherally located ovarian follicles (arrowheads, A). The left ovarian mass shows homogeneous dark signal intensity on T2-weighted image (A), iso-signal intensity to the myometrium on T1-weighted image (B), and enhancement similar to myometrium (C).
D, E. The mass shows (arrows) dark signal intensity on a diffusion-weighted image (D) acquired at b = 1000 sec/mm2 and hypointensity on the apparent diffusion coefficient map (E). These findings are consistent with an ovarian fibroma (O-RADS MRI 2, solid lesion with homogeneous dark T2/dark diffusion-weighted imaging).
O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system, U = uterus
Fig. 2Mature cystic teratoma in a 37-year-old female (O-RADS MRI 2).
A–C. Axial T2-weighted (A) MR image shows a 5-cm complex mass (arrows) containing Rokitansky nodule (white arrowhead) in the left adnexa. Note the right normal ovary (black arrowheads). T1-weighted (B) and fat-suppressed T1-weighted (C) MR images show signal suppression within the mass, suggesting the presence of macroscopic fat.
D–F. The solid Rokitansky nodule (arrowheads) shows mild enhancement on fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted image (D), but no definite diffusion restriction on high b-value diffusion-weighted image (E) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (F). However, some part of the mass (arrows) shows strong diffusion restriction (asterisks). The lesion is fat-containing mass, so that mature cystic teratoma (O-RADS MRI 2) can be considered as diagnosis. Minimal enhancement of Rokitansky nodule in lesion containing fat does not change to O-RADS MRI score 4.
O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system
Fig. 3Endometrial cyst in a 37-year-old female (O-RADS MRI 2).
A. Axial T1-weighted image shows a unilocular high-signal intensity cystic lesion (arrow) in the right adnexa.
B. On fat-suppressed axial T1-weighted image, the lesion (arrow) remains bright, a finding that excludes fatty nature and suggests hemorrhagic components.
C. Axial T2-weighted image shows ‘shading sign’ with marked signal loss in the cystic lesion (arrow).
D. Fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image shows smooth enhancing wall of the cyst (arrow). These findings are compatible with endometrial cyst (O-RADS MRI 2).
O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system, U = uterus
Fig. 4Tubo-ovarian abscess with strong diffusion restriction in a 50-year-old female presenting with lower abdominal discomfort and palpable mass (O-RADS MRI 5).
A, B. Axial T2-weighted (A) and fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (B) MR images show a multilocular cystic mass (arrows) with enhancing septum and thickened wall (asterisks) in the pelvic cavity.
C, D. The cystic content (arrows) shows markedly high signal intensity on a high b-value diffusion-weighted image (C) and marked hypointensity on the apparent diffusion coefficient map (D). However, the enhancing wall did not show a significant diffusion restriction (asterisks). This lesion is classified as O-RADS MRI score 5, considering the strong enhancing solid tissue on fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image, but this mass was confirmed to be a tubo-ovarian abscess (benign lesion). Diffusion restriction can be seen in pus, highly viscous fluid, and coagulative necrosis, as well as high cellularity tumors.
O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system
Fig. 5Time-signal intensity curve of the enhancing solid tissue in adnexal lesions compared to the enhancement of the outer myometrium on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
A. Type 1 (low risk) curve shows a slow gradual increase in the signal of solid tissue, without a well-defined shoulder over time.
B. Type 2 (intermediate risk) curve shows a moderate initial rise in the signal of solid tissue relative to that of myometrium.
C. Type 3 (high risk) curve shows an initial rise in the signal of solid tissue steeper than that of myometrium.
Abbreviated O-RADS MRI System (112752)
| O-RADS MRI System | Risk of Malignancy | Lexicon Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | - | Incomplete evaluation (not applicable) |
| 1 | 0% | Physiologic findings including follicles, hemorrhage cysts, and corpus luteum ≤ 3 cm in a premenopausal female |
| 2 | < 0.5% | - Unilocular smooth-walled adnexal cysts containing simple or endometriotic fluid: no enhancing solid tissue |
| - Lesion with fat (mature teratoma): no enhancing solid tissue or minimal enhancement of Rokitansky nodules | ||
| - Solid mass with homogeneous dark T2/dark DWI (fibroma) | ||
| - Simple hydrosalpinx | ||
| - Paraovarian cyst: no enhancing solid tissue | ||
| 3 | −5% | - Unilocular smooth-walled cysts containing proteinaceous, hemorrhagic or mucinous fluid content: no enhancing solid tissue |
| - Hydrosalpinx with non-simple fluid or smooth wall thickening | ||
| - Multilocular cyst with smooth walls and septations: any type of fluid, no fat component or enhancing solid tissue | ||
| - Solid tissue components (excluding dark T2/dark DWI) with type 1 DCE curve | ||
| 4 | −50% | - Solid tissue components (excluding dark T2/dark DWI) with type 2 DCE curve or enhancement ≤ myometrium at 30–40 s (if no DCE) |
| - Lesion with fat component with large volume enhancing solid tissue (immature teratoma or malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma) | ||
| 5 | −90% | - Solid tissue components (excluding dark T2/dark DWI) with type 3 DCE curve or enhancement ≥ myometrium at 30–40 s (if no DCE) |
| - Peritoneal seeding |
DCE = dynamic contrast-enhanced, DWI = diffusion-weighted image, O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system
Fig. 6Serous cystadenoma in a 29-year-old female (O-RADS MRI 3).
A, B. Sagittal (A) and axial (B) T2-weighted images show a large unilocular cystic lesion (arrow) in the left adnexa. At the superior wall of the lesion, a solid tissue appears as a small mural nodule (arrowheads). The right ovary (asterisk) appeared normal.
C–F. The solid tissue (arrowheads) shows mild enhancement on fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced sagittal (C) and axial (D) T1-weighted images, and no definite diffusion restriction on high b-value diffusion-weighted image (E) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (F).
G. On dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, a low-risk time intensity curve was obtained. The lesion was classified as O-RADS MRI 3 and finally confirmed as serous cystadenoma.
O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system, U = uterus
Fig. 7Borderline serous tumor in a 74-year-old female (O-RADS MRI 4).
A, B. Axial (A) and sagittal (B) T2-weighted images show a well-defined unilocular cystic lesion (arrows) in the left ovary. Along the posterior wall of the lesion, solid tissue appears as a papillary projection (arrowheads).
C. On fat-suppressed axial T1-weighted image, the content of the cyst shows high signal intensity (arrow).
D–F. The solid tissue (arrowheads) shows mild enhancement on fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted images (D), and minimally high signal intensity on high b-value diffusion-weighted image (E) and low signal intensity on apparent diffusion coefficient map (F).
G. On dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, an intermediate-risk time intensity curve was obtained. The lesion was classified as O-RADS MRI 4 and finally confirmed as a borderline serous tumor.
B = bladder, O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system, U = uterus
Fig. 8High-grade serous carcinoma of fallopian tube in a 57-year-old female (O-RADS MRI 5).
A–E. Axial T2-weighted (A), T1-weighted (B), fat-suppressed contrast enhanced T1-weighted (C), high b-value diffusion-weighted image (D) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (E) MR images show a 2.5-cm enhancing solid mass in the left adnexa (arrows) with strong diffusion restriction.
F. On dynamic contrast-enhance MRI, high-risk time intensity curve is obtained. The lesion is classified as O-RADS MRI 5, and surgically confirmed as high-grade serous carcinoma of the left fallopian tube.
O-RADS = ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system, U = uterus