| Literature DB >> 36238386 |
Seungsoo Lee, Young Taik Oh, Dae Chul Jung.
Abstract
Ultrasonography is effective for imaging superficial organs, such as the scrotum. Using a high-frequency transducer, ultrasonography can identify the location and characteristics of scrotal lesions with high accuracy. The primary role of ultrasound (US) in the evaluation of a scrotal mass is to determine if it is intratesticular or extratesticular. Additional clinical information and other imaging options may be needed to diagnose benign tumors and pseudo-tumors. MRI is an effective problem-solving tool in cases with nondiagnostic US findings. CT is helpful for staging testicular cancer and localizing undescended testis. This review covers the imaging features of testicular and extratesticular tumors. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238386 PMCID: PMC9432360 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0110
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1Epidermoid cyst in a 20-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a mass with concentric hyperechoic rings (arrowhead).
B. T2-weighted MR image shows heterogeneous signal intensity surrounded by a low-signal-intensity rim (arrowhead).
C. Photograph of the gross specimen shows lamellated layers of keratin in the mass (arrowhead).
Fig. 2Adrenal rest tumor in a 22-year-old male.
A. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR image shows a bilaterally enhanced mass (arrowheads) at the mediastinum of both the testes.
B. Ultrasound image shows an isoechoic lobular mass (arrowhead).
C. A decrease in the size of the mass (arrowhead) is noted after glucocorticoid treatment.
Fig. 3Leydig cell hyperplasia in an undescended testis of a 58-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a heterogeneous echogenic nodule (arrowhead) in an undescended testis.
B. Photograph of the gross specimen shows a lobular tan-yellow nodule (arrowhead).
Fig. 4Leydig cell tumor in a 27-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a slightly hypoechogenic and homogeneous mass (arrowhead).
B. Photograph of the gross specimen shows a well-dermarcated mass with mild hemorrhage (arrowhead).
Fig. 5Seminoma associated with cryptorchidism in a 34-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a hypoechoic mass (arrowhead) in the left inguinal canal.
B. Contrast-enhanced CT image shows a slightly enhancing mass (arrowhead) in the left inguinal area.
Fig. 6Seminoma and para-aortic lymph node metastasis in a 27-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a huge mass replacing the testis with multiple echogenic dots (arrowhead) and septa-like structures (arrow).
B. CT image shows enlarged lymph nodes in the left para-aortic area, at the level of the renal hilum (arrowhead).
Fig. 7Seminoma and pulmonary metastases in a 30-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a mass (arrowhead) replacing the testis and invading the spermatic cord.
B. CT images shows multiple pulmonary metastases (arrowheads).
Fig. 8Mixed-germ cell tumor with embryonal cell carcinoma (50%), mature teratoma (40%), and choriocarcinoma (10%) in a 20-year-old male.
Ultrasound image shows a lobular mass with separated solid (arrow) and cystic (arrowhead) components.
Fig. 9Separate seminoma and mix-germ cell tumor with embryonal carcinoma (30%), yolk sac tumor (20%), and immature teratoma (50%) in a 32-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a lobular hypoechogenic seminoma (arrow) with microlithiasis. The mixed-germ cell tumor (arrowhead) shows mild heterogeneity and small cystic regions.
B. Photograph of the gross specimen shows a tan-yellowish homogeneous seminoma (arrow) and a mixed-germ cell tumor (arrowhead) with hemorrhage and cystic regions.
Fig. 10Burned-out tumor and metastatic retroperitoneal embryonal cell carcinoma in a 42-year-old male.
A. CT image shows metastatic lymphadenopathy (arrowheads) in the retroperitoneum.
B. Ultrasound image shows an ill-defined hypoechoic area (arrowhead) associated with an overt mass.
C. Photograph of the gross specimen shows no overt lesions (arrowhead).
Testicular atrophy with Sertoli cell only tubules and tubular hyalinization was noted on microscopy (not shown).
Fig. 11Spermatocytic tumor in male aged 58-year-old (A) and 34-year-old (B).
A. Ultrasound image shows a lobular hypoisoechoic mass (arrowhead) replacing the testis.
B. Ultrasound image shows a heterogeneous mass (arrowhead) with multifocal cystic changes.
Fig. 12Testicular lymphoma in a 58-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows an ill-defined isoechoic infiltrative lesion (arrowhead) involving the entire testis.
B. The color Doppler image shows markedly increased vascularity.
Fig. 13Adenomatoid tumor in a 24-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a well-defined isoechoic mass (arrowhead) in the epididymal tail.
B. Photograph of the gross specimen shows a resected solid mass.
Fig. 14Sperm granuloma in a 53-year-old male.
Ultrasound image shows a hypoechoic mass (arrowhead) in the epididymal tail.
Fig. 15Lipoma in a 48-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows an isoechoic mass (arrowhead) in the left inguinal canal and scrotum.
B. CT image shows a low-attenuating mass (arrowhead).
C. Photograph of the gross specimen shows a huge fatty mass.
Fig. 16Dedifferentiated liposarcoma in a 42-year-old male.
A. CT image shows a huge mass in the left scrotum. Fat component (arrowhead) of the mass shows abrupt transition to a heterogeneously enhancing component (arrow) iso-attenuating to the muscle.
B. Photograph of the gross specimen shows a resected solid mass with fat (arrowhead) and a discrete dedifferentiated component (arrow).
Fig. 17Extratesticular lymphoma in a 67-year-old male.
A. Ultrasound image shows a huge hypoechoic mass (arrowhead) surrounding the testis.
B. The color Doppler image shows increased vascularity in the mass compared to the testis.