| Literature DB >> 36237708 |
Hyo Hyeon Yu, Yoo Dong Won, Su Lim Lee, Young Mi Ku, Sun Wha Song.
Abstract
The newly revised 2018 Organ Injury Scale (OIS) has a similar format to the previous American Association for Surgery and Trauma (AAST) Emergency General Surgery Grading System, dividing the criteria for grading solid organ damage into three groups; imaging, operation, and pathology. The most significant alteration in the OIS system 2018 revision is the incorporation of multidetector CT (MDCT) findings of vascular injury including pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula. Similar to the previous OIS, the highest of the three criteria is assigned the final grade. In addition, if multiple grade I or II injuries are present, one grade is advanced for multiple injuries up to grade III. This pictorial essay demonstrates the MDCT findings of solid organ injury grades based on the 2018 OIS system. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2020 PMID: 36237708 PMCID: PMC9431845 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2020.0033
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1Contained vascular injury in a 20-year-old-man after a motorcycle accident.
A. Arterial phase (left image) and delayed phase (right image) of the contrast-enhanced axial CT scans demonstrate a contained vascular injury (arrows) that decreases in attenuation with delayed imaging and display the same density as the adjacent vessels in the delayed phase. A hemoperitoneum is evident in the right subphrenic space.
B. Left hepatic angiograms of embolization reveal a pseudoaneurysm (arrows) combined with contrast extravasation (arrowhead, right image) that was not detected on the initial CT scan.
Fig. 2The ACE and contained vascular injury of a 20-year-old man after a motorcycle accident.
Multiphase axial CT images show ACE in a branch of the splenic artery (white arrows) that gradually increased in size and density over the portal and delayed phases. In contrast, contained vascular injury lesions in the spleen show the same density as the adjacent vessel in all phases (black arrows).
ACE = active contrast extravasation
Fig. 3Ruptured subcapsular and parenchymal hepatic hematoma (grade III) of a 26-year-old man after a motor vehicle accident with a seat belt injury.
A. Contrast-enhanced axial CT image shows subcapsular and parenchymal hematoma (asterisks) combined with hemoperitoneum in the perisplenic space.
B. Axial (left image) and coronal (right image) reformatted images demonstrate the sentinel clot sign. The Hounsfield units of the subcapsular and intraparenchymal hematoma are higher than those of the pelvic cavity and the perisplenic hemorrhage, indicating that the damaged liver is the bleeding site.
Fig. 4Parenchymal hematoma and laceration of the spleen (grade III) with rib fracture in a 24-year-old man after a motor vehicle accident.
A. Contrast-enhanced axial CT scan shows parenchymal hematoma (asterisk), perisplenic hematoma (arrows), and an irregular and linear low-attenuation area (arrowhead) in the spleen consistent with a laceration.
B. Contrast-enhanced coronal CT scan shows the parenchymal hematoma (asterisk) and the perisplenic hematoma (arrow).
Fig. 5Incidental finding of spleen cleft (arrowhead) in a 69-year-old man.
A, B. The contrast enhanced axial (A) and coronal (B) CT scans. In contrast to a laceration, a cleft has a sharp margin, containing fat and is not associated with an adjacent subcapsular hematoma or perisplenic fluid.
Fig. 6Contained vascular injury confined to the splenic capsule (grade IV) in a 57-year-old man after a motor vehicle accident.
A, B. The contrast-enhanced axial CT scan (A) and contrast-enhanced coronal CT scan (B) show a pseudoaneurysm confined within the splenic capsule (arrowheads) and perisplenic hematoma (asterisks).
Fig. 7Splenic arterial embolization of a spleen injury (grade IV) in a 54-year-old man after a fall.
A. Arterial phase (left image) and portal phase (right image) contrast-enhanced axial CT scans show ACE in the spleen (arrows). More than 50% of the spleen is infarcted on this CT scan.
B. Splenic artery angiograms show multiple ACE (arrowheads, right image) in the superior segment of the splenic artery.
C. Post-embolization splenic arteriogram reveals no further ACE, indicating treatment success.
D. Follow-up contrast-enhanced axial CT scan acquired 1 week after splenic artery embolization demonstrates regression of the ACE and hematoma. However, a segmental splenic infarction is noted (asterisk).
ACE = active contrast extravasation
Fig. 8Arborizing pattern of liver laceration (grade III) in a 34-year-old woman after a motor vehicle accident. The contrast-enhanced axial CT scans show multiple branching pattern lacerations more than 3 cm deep in liver segment 4 and the left lateral section.
Fig. 9Liver capsular vascular injury combined with bare area hematoma (grade III) in a 28-year-old man after a motor vehicle accident.
A. The contrast-enhanced axial CT scan shows a vascular injury (arrowhead) contained within the liver parenchyma. A bare area hematoma (asterisk) is also evident.
B. A follow-up contrast-enhanced axial CT scan acquired 8 weeks later shows a smaller bare area hematoma after conservative treatment (asterisk).
Fig. 10Active bleeding and hemoperitoneum (grade IV) in a 56-year-old man after a pedestrian traffic accident.
A. Contrast-enhanced axial CT scans show active bleeding (arrowheads) extending beyond the liver parenchyma into the peritoneum.
B. Contrast-enhanced coronal CT scan shows active bleeding (arrowhead), a liver capsular tear (arrow), and a hemoperitoneum (asterisk).
C. Right hepatic artery angiogram shows active contrast extravasation (arrowhead) in liver segment 6.
Fig. 11Intrahepatic venous injury (grade V) in a 46-year-old man crushed by a truck.
A. Early arterial phase contrast-enhanced axial CT scans show an extensive intraparenchymal hematoma and laceration (arrows).
B. Portal phase contrast-enhanced axial CT scan shows that the liver laceration and intraparenchymal hematoma extend into the IVC and middle hepatic vein. An IVC thrombus is noted (arrowhead).
C. Follow-up contrast-enhanced axial CT scan acquired 9 weeks after conservative treatment shows a smaller intraparenchymal hematoma (asterisk).
IVC = intrahepatic vena cava
Fig. 12Renal parenchymal laceration (grade III) with perirenal hematoma in a 48-year-old woman after a motor vehicle accident.
A. Contrast-enhanced axial CT scans show a parenchymal laceration (arrowheads) and perirenal hematoma (asterisks) in the left kidney.
B. Contrast-enhanced coronal CT scan shows the parenchymal laceration (arrowhead) and perirenal hematoma (asterisk) within the Gerota fascia of the left kidney.
Fig. 13Segmental kidney infarction and pelvicalyceal system injury (grade IV) in a 24-year-old man after a motor vehicle accident.
A. Arterial phase image shows segmental renal infarction with the cortical rim sign in the upper pole of the left kidney.
B. Portal phase image reveals a thrombus of the segmental artery (arrowhead) and segmental renal infarction in the left kidney.
C. Follow-up contrast-enhanced coronal CT scan acquired 2 weeks later shows the parenchymal laceration (arrowhead) combined with an increased perirenal fluid collection (asterisks) suggestive of a pelvicalyceal system injury and urinoma.
D. In the follow-up pyelogram acquired 2 weeks later, urinary extravasation (arrowheads) is noted from the damaged pelvocalyceal system of the left kidney.
Fig. 14Renal hilar injury with ACE and devascularized kidney (grade V) in a 17-year-old man after a motorcycle accident.
A. Arterial phase contrast-enhanced axial CT scan shows a pedicle injury (arrowhead).
B. Portal phase contrast-enhanced coronal CT scan shows ACE in the left renal pedicle (arrowhead) with complete devascularization of the left kidney and a large subcapsular hematoma. An associated spleen injury (grade V) is also noted.
ACE = active contrast extravasation