| Literature DB >> 36237389 |
Tae Seop Choi, Hwan Seok Yong, Cherry Kim, Young Joo Suh.
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcifications can occur in various cardiovascular diseases and can serve as a biomarker for cardiovascular event prediction. Advances in CT have enabled evaluation of calcifications in cardiovascular structures not only on ECG-gated CT but also on non-ECG-gated CT. Therefore, many studies have been conducted on the clinical relevance of cardiovascular calcifications in patients. In this study, we divided cardiovascular calcifications into three classes, i.e., coronary artery, thoracic aorta, and cardiac valve calcifications, which are closely associated with cardiovascular events. Further, we briefly described pericardial calcifications, which can be found incidentally. Since the start of lung cancer screening in Korea in the second half of 2019, the number of non-enhanced, non-ECG-gated, low-dose chest CT has been increasing, and the number of incidentally found cardiovascular calcifications has also been increasing. Therefore, understanding the relevance of cardiovascular calcifications on non-enhanced, non-ECG-gated, low-dose chest CT and their proper reporting are important for radiologists. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2020 PMID: 36237389 PMCID: PMC9431822 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2020.81.2.324
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Studies Assessing the Value of CACs on Non-ECG-Gated CT
| Study | Population | Methods of CAC Assessment | CT Protocols | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rasmussen et al. ( | 1945 subjects from DLCST | Agatston score | 120 kVp, 40 mAs | Prognostic factor of fatal/non-fatal CVEs in current and former smokers, independent of traditional CV risk factors | |
| Jacobs et al. ( | 958 subjects from NELSON | Agatston score | According to BW | Independent predictor of ACM and CVEs | |
| ≤ 80 kg: 120 kVp, 30 mAs, | |||||
| > 80 kg: 140 kVp, 30 mAs | |||||
| Shemesh et al. ( | 8782 subjects screening for lung cancer in New York State | Ordinal score | 140 kVp or less, 80 mAs | Significant predictor of CV death | |
| Chiles et al. ( | 1575 subjects from NLST | Visual score, Ordinal score, Agatston score | 120 kVp, 40–80 mAs (depending on body habitus) | Visual assessment can make risk stratification, which is comparable to Agatston score and CAC was strongly associated with outcome | |
| Sverzellati et al. ( | 1159 subjects from MILD | Agatston score | 120 kVp, 30 mAs | Better predictor of CVE, ACM than FEV1, emphysema extent | |
ACM = all-cause mortality, BW = body weight, CAC = coronary artery calcification, CV = cardiovascular, CVE = cardiovascular event, DLCST = Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial, FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in first second, MILD = Multicentric Italian Lung Detection, NELSON = Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek, Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial, NLST = National Lung Screening Trial
Role of CACs in Primary Prevention of ASCVD
| Study | Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Greenland et al. ( | 1. 10 year ASCVD risk percent ≥ 5–< 7.5% | ||
| Statin therapy guide using 10-year ASCVD risk estimate + CAC score | - If CAC score = 0, statin not recommended | ||
| - If CAC score > 0, consider for statin | |||
| 2. 10 year ASCVD risk percent ≥ 7.5–< 20% | |||
| - If CAC score = 0, statin not recommended | |||
| - If CAC score > 0, recommend statin | |||
| Grundy et al. ( | On primary prevention (statin initiation) | ||
| 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline | Age 40-75 years, LDL ≥ 70–< 190 mg/dL, without DM, 10 year ASCVD risk percent ≥ 7.5–< 20% “Intermediate Risk” | ||
| If risk decision is uncertain: | |||
| Consider measuring CAC in selected adults: | |||
| 1. CAC = zero (lower risk; consider no statin, unless DM, family history of premature CHD, cigarette smoking) | |||
| 2. CAC = 1–99 favor statin (especially after age 55) | |||
| 3. CAC ≥ 100 and/or ≥ 75th percentile, initiate statin therapy | |||
AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA = American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, American Association Academy of Physician Assistants, Association of Black Cardiologists, American College of Preventive Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Geriatrics Society, American Pharmacists Association, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, National Lipid Association, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, CAC = coronary artery calcification, CHD = coronary heart disease, DM = diabetes mellitus, LDL = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Studies Assessing the Value of TACs on Non-ECG-Gated CT
| Study | Population | Methods of TAC Assessment | CT Protocols | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eisen et al. ( | 361 patients with stable angina pectoris | Binary, agatston score | 120 kVp (peak), 210 mAs | Increase risk of death and CVD | |
| Jacobs et al. ( | 7757 subjects from NELSON | Agatston score | According to BW | Stronger association with non-cardiac events than CAC | |
| ≤ 80 kg: 120 kVp, 30 mAs, | |||||
| > 80 kg: 140 kVp, 30 mAs | |||||
| Lessmann et al. ( | 5718 subjects from NLST | Volume score, agatston score | 120 kVp, 40–80 mAs (depending on body habitus) | CAC is strongly associated with CHD, whereas TAC is especially associated with extra-cardiac vascular mortality | |
BW = body weight, CAC = coronary artery calcification, CHD = coronary heart disease, CVD = cardiovascular disease, NELSON = Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek, Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial, NLST = National Lung Screening Trial, TAC = thoracic aorta calcification
Studies Assessing the Value of Cardiac VCs on Non-ECG-Gated CT
| Study | Population | Methods of VC Assessment | CT Protocols | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cowell et al. ( | 157 patients with AS | Agatston score | Multi-slice helical scanner, 2.7 mm slices, pitch of 0.7, increment of 1.4 mm during held inspiration, No specific mention about kVp or mAs | AVC is closely associated with severity of AS | |
| Willemink et al. ( | 311 subjects from NELSON | Volume score | According to BW | AVC is a predictor for future CVE, No added prognostic value beyond age, number of pack years, current smoking status, CAC and TAC | |
| ≤ 80 kg: 120 kVp, 30 mAs, | |||||
| > 80 kg: 140 kVp, 30 mAs | |||||
AS = aortic valve stenosis, AVC = aortic valve calcification, BW = body weight, CAC = coronary artery calcification, CVE = cardiovascular event, NELSON = Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek, Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial, TAC = thoracic aorta calcification, VC = valve calcification