Intuitionistic fuzzy set of Γ -submodules and its application in modeling spread of viral diseases, mutated COVID-n, via flights.

In this study, we generalize fuzzy Γ -module, as intuitionistic fuzzy Γ -submodule of Γ -module (IF Γ M), and utilize it for modeling the spread of coronavirus in air travels. Certain fundamental features of intuitionistic fuzzy Γ -submodule are provided, and it is proved that IF Γ M can be considered as a complete lattice. Some elucidatory examples are demonstrated to explain the properties of IF Γ M. The relevance between the upper and lower α -level cut and intuitionistic fuzzy Γ -submodules are presented and the characteristics of upper and lower under image and inverse image of IF Γ M are acquired. It is verified that the image and inverse image of intuitionistic fuzzy Γ -submodule are preserved under the module homomorphism. The obtained IF Γ M is used to model the aerial transition of viral diseases, that is, COVID-n, via flights.

INTRODUCTION

The theory of fuzzy set was established by Zadeh, then Rosenfeld proposed a relation between fuzzy set and group theory and regulated the notion of fuzzy subgroups. Atanassov established the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) that involved basic and fundamental concepts as the extension of fuzzy sets. In fact, the IFS has been beneficial to tackle incomplete and vague information. This theory is more effective as an IFS, related to the degree of nonmembership and membership in a unit interval, while a fuzzy set is associated to the degree of membership of an element in a specified set. Numerous ideas have been developed via IFS theory, for instance, Biwas defined the intuitionistic fuzzy subgroups of a group, and Kim et al. surveyed the intuitionistic fuzzy ideals of semirings. The authors presented the universal coefficient theorem in the category of intuitionistic fuzzy modules. Sharma initiated the concept of ‐intuitionistic fuzzy subgroup, fuzzy quotient group, ‐cut of intuitionistic fuzzy group, homomorphism of intuitionistic fuzzy group, and direct product of intuitionistic fuzzy group. Jun et al. investigated the quotient structures of intuitionistic fuzzy finite state machines, they also studied the intuitionistic nil radicals of intuitionistic fuzzy ideals and Euclidean intuitionistic fuzzy ideals in rings. Based on the intuitionistic fuzzy implications, Zhou et al. introduced the intuitionistic fuzzy rough sets.

Studies on ‐related were extended by Nobusawa who characterized ‐rings and afterwards Barnes and Luh improved the structure of ‐rings. Sen et al. presented the idea of ‐semigroup as a generalization of semigroup, after that, Rao defined the idea of ‐semiring. The authors introduced the theory of ‐semihypergroup and expanded various classical concepts of semigroups. Ameri et al. developed the concept of ‐module over a ‐ring and extended fuzzy ‐hypermodules and fuzzy ‐modules. , They also defined a connection between fuzzy ‐hypermodules and ‐modules through fundamental relations. Another study was done on fuzzy ‐hypermodules and fuzzy ‐hyperrings to obtain basic results. Other researchers proposed the concept of IFSs in ‐semigroups, while Ersoy et al. studied the IFS in the ‐semihyperring. The authors extended the Atanassov intuitionistic fuzzy grade of hypergroups, the Atanassov intuitionistic ‐fuzzy ‐ary subhypergroups and their traits, and the Atanassov intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals of ‐semigroups. Latif et al. explored basic theorems of ‐intuitionistic fuzzy isomorphism of ‐intuitionistic fuzzy subgroups.

Gulzar et al. developed some classes of ‐intuitionistic fuzzy subgroups, and then determined the new applications of complex IFSs in group theory. In fact, IFSs are helpful in advanced systems, systems theory, decision making, and so on. Recently, Ejegwa presented the correlation coefficient between IFSs and its applications in real‐life decision‐making problems. Alcantud et al. studied the aggregation of infinite chains of IFSs and their applications with temporal IFSs. Others extended the complex IFS by quaternion numbers along with utilizing them in decision making. Wei et al. defined an information‐based score function of interval‐valued IFSs and its application in multiattribute decision‐making. Also, Tao et al. explored dynamic multicriteria decision making in real life. There are many other potential applications of IFSs in chemistry, mathematics, programming, physics, medicine, and machine learning. Kumar De et al. used the IFSs for medical diagnosis, while the authors proposed the applications of IFS in medicine. Ejewa et al. utilized the IFSs in electoral systems. Mahanta et al. surveyed a novel distance measure with various applications, while others analyzed the measure of width‐based distance on the interval‐valued IFS.

The coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is a serious global crisis that has quickly spread over the world, causing millions of mortalities till date. Although the first cases were reported in China, new cases were identified in all other nations in a short period of time. This viral disease has infected humanity worldwide with typical symptoms of fever, sore throat, cough, fatigue and dyspnea. Despite the capability of some countries on effective vaccination against coronavirus disease, the emergence of new infected cases is unpredictable and seriously worrying, as there is yet neither an adamant treatment against the mutated versions of COVID nor a prohibition methodology against the detrimental/deadly side effects of known vaccines. As such, various countries implemented severe precautions to decelerate the diffusion of this disease after the World Health Organization (WHO) officially publicized the epidemic situation in mid‐March 2019.

Due to the COVID‐19 outbreak, many countries have faced case threats through inbound international and national flights. After identifying the first cases of coronavirus in different countries, strict rules were imposed on the airlines that yielded the disruption of global transportation. In fact, to lessen the chances of proliferation of COVID‐19, very strict protocols were issued by governments on aerial sectors. These restrictions included installing high‐efficiency air filters in aircrafts, imposing C‐reactive protein (CRP) tests and vaccinations for travelers, wearing protective masks, and keeping social distances during the aerial trips. While the air travels are considered as an essential transportation service worldwide, the surveillance/modeling of the corresponding global factors (studied here) is necessary to resume safe aerial trips with reduced/controlled COVID threats (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Impact of COVID‐19 outbreak on flights [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

The main contribution of this paper is the generalization of fuzzy ‐module through the development of IFS, and the construction of new application for the spread of viral diseases, that is, coronavirus, among individuals in air travels. By using ‐module, we expand the framework of IFS via the expression of some basic and significant characteristics with certain foundational traits. In Section 3, the intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule (IFM) is established via the notion of ‐modules to extend the fuzzy sets. Fundamental properties of intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule are found, and it is verified that IFM can be regarded as a complete lattice. Furthermore, by considering the upper and lower ‐level cut, we express the relationship between them and IFM, along with several traits of upper and lower via image and inverse image of IFM. It is shown that the image and inverse image of intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule are preserved under the module homomorphism. In Section 4, the elucidatory examples address the application of IFM in the immunological transmission of COVID‐n.

PRELIMINARIES

The IFSs are the generalization of the fuzzy sets which were proposed by Atanassov. An IFS of a nonvoid set is described by the formation , where is the degree of membership and is the degree of nonmembership of the element , and we have Note that we will write instead of . Consider the complement of which is determined by . Let and be two IFS of . Thus, the next statements are introduced , as follows: and if be arbitary family of IFS in , where , thus

,

,

,

,

.

, that is, the intersection of ,

, that is, the union of .

((Barnes Suppose and be additive abelian groups. is considered as a ‐ring if a mapping exists: so that , the next circumstances hold:

;

;

;

.

((Ameri and Sadeghi) Consider as a ‐ring. A left ‐module under is an additive abelian group via a map that , so that for all and and the next implications are satisfied: A nonvoid subset of is considered as left (right) ‐submodule of provided for any implies and also .

.

FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF IFS OF ‐SUBMODULES

A fuzzy left (right) ‐module over a ‐ring is introduced to be a couple , where, is a left ‐module and function that holds the following circumstances: is considered as a fuzzy ‐module of supposing is a fuzzy left ‐module and also fuzzy right ‐module of .

,

,

.

Assume for prime integer , and and . Define with , for every , thus is a ‐module under a ‐ring (Figure 2).

Figure 2

‐module

Moreover, introduce the fuzzy set of as follows: Thus, is a fuzzy ‐module of .

Suppose and and be a subring of . Hence, is a ‐ring and is an abelian group. Define with for every . Therefore, is a ‐module. Now, describe in the following way: Hence, is a fuzzy ‐module of .

Assume be a left ‐module under a ‐ring. An IFS of is described as left intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule if for all the next statements is satisfied: Denote that IF M is intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule. Also, it is defined for right ‐submodule, the IFS of of is considered an IFM provided it is left and right IFM.

and ,

and ,

and .

Assume and and . Then, is an abelian group and is a ‐ring. Define written by , for every . Thus, is a ‐module. Describe two fuzzy sets and of , in the following way: and Hence, is an IFM of .

Suppose be a family of IFM. Hence, and are IFM.

We will verify , and the rest is similar. Let be IFM for every . So, we prove the statements: This completes the proof.  □

and .

, and .

Assume be a ‐module under ‐ring R. Thus, IF M is a complete lattice under the inclusion .

Assume be any subset of IFM, hence . Evidently, is the largest intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule contained in . Therefore, . Also, , and it is the least intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule containing . So, . It yields that IF M is a complete lattice.  □

If is a ‐submodule of , hence is an IF M of .

Assume . Since is ‐submodule, so and . We verify the next statements.

and ,

, and

and .

Supposing or , thus or . Therefore, and

Consider be a nonvoid subset of . If is an IF M of , then is a ‐submodule of .

Assume that is an IFM of . We should verify for that and . It yields that and So, then, . Also, we have and It means that .   □

Assume that be an IFM of , and . Introduce an IFS on by and , for all . Hence, is an IFM of .

We have   □

Suppose that be an IFM of . Describe an IFS on , by and , for all . Thus, is an IFS of .

Consider be an IFM of . So, we have . Then, Since , therefore , that implies . Also, we have In addition, we have The proof is completed.   □

An IFS of left (right) ‐module is an IF M if and only if the fuzzy sets and are fuzzy left (right) ‐module.

Let be IFM of . By definition, is left fuzzy ‐module. Moreover, for , we attain Hence, is fuzzy left ‐module.

.

On the contrary, assume that the fuzzy sets and are fuzzy left (right) ‐module. So, and , for all . Also, Thus, is an IFM of .   □

,

.

Assume be IFM of . Hence, and are also IFM of .

Suppose be IFM of . For all , we attain

,

,

.

Therefore, we have and and It implies that is an IFM of . Similarly, we can verify for .   □

For a proper IFS of , we have and , but if is a fuzzy ‐module, then we have .

is described as an upper bound ‐level cut of , and written by , and also is considered as lower bound ‐level cut of , and written by , for any fuzzy set of and .

An IFS A of a ‐module is a left (right) IFM if and only if for every , the subsets and of are left (right) ‐submodule.

Suppose that be IFM of . Let . Since , and so we have , it means that . Also, since , and , so we have , it yields that .

Now, assume that . Since , and , so we have , it follows . Moreover, since , and , so we have , we conclude that .

On the contrary, assume that the subsets and of are left ‐submodule. Let , and , and , that and . If and , by hypothesis we attain , and . Therefore, Also, , and , so we have , and . Thus, , and . Hence, is an IFM of .   □

Assume that and be two IFS of and . Consider be a map. Hence, we have The image and inverse image are depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Image and inverse image of IFS

The image of under the map is signified by , that is written , which , we note and

The inverse image of is signified by , that is written , which for , we note

Assume and be two ‐modules over ‐ring and be a surjective homomorphism. Suppose is an IFM of , thus for every , we have

,

.

We prove (i), also, we prove (ii) in the following:   □

Suppose and be two ‐modules over ‐ring and be a surjective homomorphism. Assume be an IFM of , hence for every , we have

,

.

We verify (i) in the following: Moreover, we prove (ii) as follows:   □

Assume be ‐module over , and be ‐module over . If the map and bijection and exist. is called a homomorphism of to , provided for all , we attain Moreover, if be a bijection, then we call is an isomorphism.

Assume be ‐module, and be ‐module. Let be homomorphism from to . Hence,

if is an IFM of , thus is an IFM of .

if is an IFM of , thus is an IFM of .

(i): Since , hence for all , we have

Moreover, . It is straightforward to prove for . Thus, is an IFM of .

The proof of (ii) is analogous to (i).   □

APPLICATION OF IFM FOR THE SPREAD TREND OF COVID‐n VIA AIR TRAVELS

The application of an IFS on‐submodules is expressed for the diffusion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) via flights. COVID‐19 is the most recent epidemic disease which has affected all over the world yielding nearly 4 million deaths till July 2021. This viral disease was first emerged in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread across the world in a short period of time, entangling all the countries and devastating numerous infrastructures. Air travels have negatively assisted the global epidemic of viral diseases, specifically those highly infectious diseases, that is, COVID‐n. It was reported that after a major flight, there have been some new patients infected with coronavirus. Here, we utilize the developed IFM to model the dispersion of coronavirus disease between individuals who traveled to different countries via different airlines. In this transition, we appoint as the set of airlines, as the set of countries, and as the set of family members (Figure 4).

Figure 4

The set and

Assume be important airlines which operate in different countries. Consider with the operation “” that is defined as follows: The set with the operation is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Group

+	Qatar Airline = A	Delta Airline = B	United Airline = C
Qatar Airline =  A	A	B	C
Delta Airline = B	B	C	A
United Airline = C	C	A	B

Thus, is an abelian group.

Suppose be the countries that participated in our model. Let and the operation determined in the following manner: The set via the operation is given in Table 2.

Table 2

Ring

⊎	China = 1	Canada = 2	USA = 3
China =  1	1	2	3
Canada = 2	2	1	3
USA = 3	3	2	1

Therefore, is an abelian group. Now, we introduce the operation “” in the next way:

which means the country infected by COVID‐19 in relation with the airlines. Hence, is ‐ring.

Consider the set as the family members who travel to countries with airlines . Let . Describe the operation “” as follows: In Table 3. is defined.

Table 3

Module

⊕	Bob = a	Jack = b	Sara = c	Nancy = d
Bob = a	a	b	c	d
Jack = b	b	a	d	c
Sara = c	c	d	a	b
Nancy = d	d	c	b	a

Then, is the abelian group. Introduce the operation “” for all , in the following manner:

Therefore, is ‐module over ‐ring .

The IFS of is determined as follows.

The degree of membership can be interpreted as a percentage of dependence. Table 4 depicts that the disease transmission power of Bob is more than the others, Jack is in the second rank and so on. To verify that is IFM of , we pursue the following procedure for all elements of . For example, , and . Also, , and . Therefore, an IFS is IFM of .

Table 4

Intuitionistic fuzzy set

A	Degree of membership and nonmembership of COVID‐19
Bob = a	(1,0)
Jack = b	(0.6, 0.4)
Sara = c	(0.5,0.3)
Nancy = d	(0.5,0.4)

CONCLUSION

In this paper, a framework for the IFS associated to ‐submodule was constructed to generalize the fuzzy set. Certain features of IFS of ‐modules were expressed along with illustrative examples, and a link between upper and lower ‐level cut and intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodules was also presented. By applying the module homomorphism, the image and inverse image of intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodule were preserved under the homomorphism. In addition, the convenient circumstance was carried out to create the ‐IFS of ‐modules, ‐IFS of ‐modules, homomorphism and direct product of IFS of ‐modules which were the main characteristics of the intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodules. The effective application of this survey was demonstrated in modeling the spread of COVID‐19 via air travels. The results rationalized the immunological case by using the developed intuitionistic fuzzy ‐submodules. There is a potential to exploit the capability of IFS of ‐subrings and IFS of ‐subgroups in other fields.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.