| Literature DB >> 36226207 |
Leonardo R Bastos1,2, Mila M Almeida2, Elizabeth A Marques2, Robson Souza Leão2,3.
Abstract
Objective To estimate the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus and cephalosporin nonsusceptible bacteria colonization in patients with proximal femoral fracture during preoperative hospitalization. Methods Prevalence and incidence assessment in 63 hospitalized patients over 1 year. The median time of pretreatment hospitalization was 12 days. Samples were collected from the nostrils, groin skin and anal mucosa during the pretreatment hospitalization and were tested by the disc-diffusion technique. Results The hospital colonization incidence and the prevalence of positive results were 14.3 and 44.4% for S. aureus ; 3.2 and 6.4% for meticillin-resistant S. aureus ; 28.6 and 85.7% for meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus ; 28.6 and 61.9% for cefazolin nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae (KFNSE); and 20.6 and 28.6% for cefuroxime nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae (CXNSE). In addition, factors such as to the duration of the pretreatment hospitalization period, being non-walker before fracture, antimicrobial use, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 4 surgical risk, and previous hospitalization, were related to an increase in the incidence of hospital acquisition and prevalence of colonization by the evaluated strains. The prevalence of colonization by KFNSE was three times higher than by CXNSE on admission, and twice as high at the time of fracture treatment. Conclusion There was a high incidence of hospital colonization and prevalence of colonization by all strains studied, which may guide the indication of prophylactic measures for infection. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae; Staphylococcus; carrier state; drug resistance; femoral fractures; risk factors
Year: 2022 PMID: 36226207 PMCID: PMC9550373 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735546
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Prevalence of risk factors for colonization by bacteria nonsusceptible to antibiotics in the studied population at the time of hospitalization (hospital admission) and at the femoral fracture treatment or death prior to treatment (treatment date)
| Hospital admission | Treatment date | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
|
Nonwalkers
| 11 (17.5%) | 11 (17.5%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (30.2%) | 19 (30.2%) |
| Hospitalization prior to fracture (12 months) | 13 (20.6%) | 13 (20.6%) |
|
Use of antibiotics
| 20 (31.7%) | 37 (58.73%) |
|
Institutionalized
| 13 (20.6%) | 13 (20.6%) |
|
Bedsores
| 7 (11.1%) | 13 (20.6%) |
|
ASA 4
| 20 (31.75%) | 20 (31.75%) |
|
Bladder catheterization
| 0 | 13 (20.63%) |
|
ICU stay
| 0 | 8 (12.7%) |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ICU, intensive care unit.
Patients who moved only with the aid of a wheelchair or those who were bedridden prior to the occurrence of the fracture.
Use of antibiotic before hospitalization (6 months), or during hospitalization and before fracture treatment.
Patients hospitalized or residing in nursing homes, home hospitalization, or in hemodialysis treatment.
Presence of bedsores at hospital admission or acquired during hospitalization and before fracture treatment.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status score.
Bladder catheterization or ICU stay occurring during hospitalization and before fracture.
Fig. 1Prevalence of colonized patients and incidence of hospital colonization for each group of bacteria studied, from the admission screening sample (1 st ) to the 5 th screening sample.
Prevalence ratio of colonization in the admission screening sample (PR adm) and prevalence ratio of colonization in any screening sample before the fracture treatment or death before treatment (PR ttmt) according to the presence of one of the risk factors for colonization by bacteria nonsusceptible to antibiotics [95% CI] ( p- value)
| Risk factor |
| MRCoNS | KFNSE | CXNSE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR adm | PR ttmt | PR adm | PR ttmt | PR adm | PR ttmt | PR adm | PR ttmt | |
|
Nonwalkers
| 1.68 [0.77–3.7] | 1.89 [1.15–3.11] | 1.14 [0.69–1.9] | 0.82 [0.57–1.2] | 0.79 [0.28–2.21] | 0.86 [0.48–1.53] | 0 | 0.95 [0.33–2.72] |
|
| 1.07 [0.48–2.4] | 1.09 [0.61–1.97] | 1.16 [0.74–1.8] | 0.98 [0.78–1.22] | 0.93 [0.43–2.02] | 0.91 [0.59–1.42] | 0.58 [0.07–4.84] | 1.47 [0.68–3.21] |
| Hospitalization prior to fracture (12 months) | 0.72 [0.25–2.11] | 0.84 [0.39–1.77] | 1.28 [0.82–2] | 0.98 [0.76–1.27] | 0.64 [0.22–1.85] | 0.99 [0.61–1.61] | 0 | 1.92 [0.89–4.14] |
|
Use of antibiotics
| 1.25 [0.58–2.7] | 1.48 [0.8–2.74] | 1.54 [1.03–2.28] | 1.29 [1.01–1.66] | 0.51 [0.2–1.31] | 0.67 [0.46–0.97] | 0.54 [0.06–4.51] | 0.56 [0.26–1.23] |
|
Institutionalized
| 2.53 [1.24–5.17] | 2.06 [1.28–3.33] | 0.56 [0.18–1.77] | 0.76 [0.43–1.35] | 0.47 [0.08–2.94] | 0.79 [0.35–1.81] | 0 | 1.90 [0.76–4.72] |
|
Bedsores
| 0.94 [0.27–3.24] | 1.05 [0.54–2.04] | 1.60 [1.08–2.36] | 1.22 [1.07–1.39] | 0.84 [0.25–2.87] | 0.57 [0.28–1.15] | 0 | 0.48 [0.13–1.83] |
|
ASA 4
| 1.25 [0.58–2.7] | 1.39 [0.81–2.39] | 1.22 [0.79–1.86] | 1.26 [1.08–1.47] | 0.67 [0.29–1.58] | 0.96 [0.62–1.46] | 1.43 [0.26–7.91] | 2.15 [1.01–4.58] |
|
Bladder catheterization
| − | 0.84 [0.39–1.77] | − | 1.22 [1.07–1.39] | − | 0.84 [0.49–1.45] | − | 1.1 [0.43–2.78] |
|
ICU stay
| − | 1.15 [0.54–2.44] | − | 1.20 [1.06–1.34] | − | 1.01 [0.57–1.8] | − | 1.96 [0.86–4.49] |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ICU, intensive care unit.
Patients who moved only with the aid of a wheelchair or those who were bedridden prior to the occurrence of the fracture.
Use of antibiotic before hospitalization (6 months), or during hospitalization and before fracture treatment.
Patients hospitalized or residing in nursing homes, home hospitalization, or in hemodialysis treatment.
Presence of bedsores at hospital admission or acquired during hospitalization and before fracture treatment.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status score.
Bladder catheterization or ICU stay occurring during hospitalization and before fracture.
Risk ratio of hospital colonization (RR hc), according to the presence of one of the risk factors for colonization by bacteria nonsusceptible to antibiotics [95% CI] ( p- value)
| Risk factor |
| MRCoNS | KFNSE | CXNSE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nonwalkers
| 3.17 [1.07–9.38] | 0.34 [0.06–1.88] | 0.85 [0.32–2.25] | 1.28 [0.42–3.89] |
|
| 1.19 [0.35–4.06] | 0.82 [0.40–1.65] | 0.86 [0.39–1.90] | 1.91 [0.75–4.87] |
| Hospitalization prior to fracture (12 months) | 0.97 [0.24–3.96] | 0.72 [0.26–1.99] | 1.23 [0.58–2.6] | 2.97 [1.21–7.29] |
|
Use of antibiotics
| 5.54 [0.76–40.52] | 1.56 [0.91–2.67] | 0.62 [0.32–1.22] | 0.56 [0.22–1.46] |
|
Institutionalized
| 2.62 [0.57–12] | 0.72 [0.26–1.99] | 0.92 [0.3–2.88] | 2.60 [0.98–6.89] |
|
Bedsores
| 1.70 [0.52–5.61] | 1.56 [1.16–2.1] | 0.40 [0.11–1.45] | 0.32 [0.05–2.22] |
|
ASA 4
| 1.91 [0.61–5.99] | 1.82 [1.22–2.7] | 1.15 [0.57–2.32] | 2.59 [1.01–6.62] |
|
Bladder catheterization
| 1.50 [0.45–5.01] | 1.69 [1.2–2.4] | 0.53 [0.15–1.86] | 1.54 [0.56–4.2] |
|
ICU stay
| 2.64 [0.86–8.15] | 1.60 [1.17–2.18] | 0.92 [0.3–2.88] | 2.19 [0.79–6.06] |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ICU, intensive care unit.
Patients who moved only with the aid of a wheelchair or those who were bedridden prior to the occurrence of the fracture.
Use of antibiotic before hospitalization (6 months), or during hospitalization and before fracture treatment.
Patients hospitalized or residing in nursing homes, home hospitalization, or in hemodialysis treatment.
Presence of bedsores at hospital admission or acquired during hospitalization and before fracture treatment.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status score.
Bladder catheterization or ICU stay occurring during hospitalization and before fracture.
Prevalência dos fatores de risco para a colonização por bactérias não suscetíveis aos antibióticos, na população estudada no momento da internação (admissão hospitalar) e no tratamento da fratura femoral ou óbito anterior ao tratamento, (data do tratamento)
| Internação hospitalar | Data do tratamento | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
|
Acamados
| 11 (17,5%) | 11 (17,5%) |
|
| 19 (30,2%) | 19 (30,2%) |
| Hospitalização prévia à ocorrência da fratura (últimos 12 meses) | 13 (20,6%) | 13 (20,6%) |
|
Uso de antibióticos
| 20 (31,7%) | 37 (58,73%) |
|
Institucionalizados
| 13 (20,6%) | 13 (20,6%) |
|
Úlceras de pressão
| 7 (11,1%) | 13 (20,6%) |
|
ASA IV
| 20 (31,75%) | 20 (31,75%) |
|
Cateterismo vesical
| 0 | 13 (20,63%) |
|
Permanência na UTI
| 0 | 8 (12,7%) |
Pacientes que se moviam apenas com o auxílio de uma cadeira de rodas ou que estavam acamados antes da ocorrência da fratura
Uso de antibióticos antes da hospitalização (6 meses), ou durante a hospitalização e antes do tratamento da fratura
Pacientes hospitalizados ou residentes em casa de repouso, hospitalização domiciliar ou sob tratamento de hemodiálise
Presença de úlceras de pressão na admissão hospitalar ou adquiridas durante a internação e antes do tratamento da fratura
ASA, classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (16)
Cateterismo vesical ou permanência na UTI, ocorrido durante a hospitalização e antes da fratura
Fig. 1Prevalência de pacientes colonizados e a incidência de colonização hospitalar para cada grupo de bactérias estudadas, desde a amostra de triagem na admissão (1ª) até a quinta amostra de triagem
Razão de prevalência da colonização na amostra de triagem na admissão (PR adm.) e razão de prevalência da colonização em qualquer amostra de triagem antes do tratamento da fratura ou óbito antes do tratamento (PR trat.), de acordo com a presença de um dos fatores de risco para a colonização por bactérias não suscetíveis aos antibióticos [IC de 95%] (valor de p )
| Fator de Risco |
| SCoNRM | KFNSE | CXNSE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR adm. | PR trat. | PR adm. | PR trat. | PR adm. | PR trat. | PR adm. | PR trat. | |
|
Acamados
| 1,68 [0,77–3,7] | 1,89 [1,15–3,11] | 1,14 [0,69–1,9] | 0,82 [0,57–1,2] | 0,79 [0,28–2,21] | 0,86 {0,48–1,53] | 0 | 0,95 [0,33–2,72] |
|
| 1,07 [0,48–2,4] | 1,09 [0,61–1,97] | 1,16 [0,74–1,8] | 0,98 [0,78–1,22] | 0,93 [0,43–2,02] | 0,91 [0,59–1,42] | 0,58 [0,07–4,84] | 1,47 [0,68–3,21] |
| Hospitalização prévia à ocorrência da fratura (últimos 12 meses) | 0,72 [0,25–2,11] | 0,84 [0,39–1,77] | 1,28 [0,82–2] | 0,98 [0,76–1,27] | 0,64 [0,22–1,85] | 0,99 [0,61–1,61] | 0 | 1,92 [0,89–4,14] |
|
Uso de antibióticos
| 1,25 [0,58–2,7] | 1,48 [0,8–2,74] | 1,54 [1,03–2,28] | 1,29 [1,01–1.66] | 0,51 [0,2–1,31] | 0,67 [0,46–0,97] | 0,54 [0,06–4,51] | 0,56 [0,26–1,23] |
|
Institucionalizados
| 2,53 [1,24–5,17] | 2,06 [1,28–3,33] | 0,56 [0,18–1,77] | 0,76 [0,43–1,35] | 0,47 [0,08–2,94] | 0,79 [0,35–1,81] | 0 | 1,90 [0,76–4,72] |
|
Úlceras de pressão
| 0,94 [0,27–3,24] | 1,05 [0,54–2,04] | 1,60 [1,08–2,36] | 1,22 [1,07–1,39] | 0,84 [0,25–2,87] | 0,57 [0,28–1,15] | 0 | 0,48 [0,13–1,83] |
|
ASA IV
| 1,25 [0,58–2,7] | 1,39 [0,81–2,39] | 1,22 [0,79–1,86] | 1,26 [1,08–1,47] | 0,67 [0,29–1,58] | 0,96 [0,62–1,46] | 1,43 [0,26–7,91] | 2,15 [1,01–4,58] |
|
Cateterismo vesical
| − | 0,84 [0,39–1,77] | − | 1,22 [1,07–1,39] | − | 0,84 [0,49–1,45] | − | 1,1 [0,43–2,78] |
|
Permanência na UTI
| − | 1,15 [0,54–2,44] | − | 1,20 [1,06–1,34] | − | 1,01 [0,57–1,8] | − | 1,96 [0,86–4,49] |
Pacientes que se moviam apenas com o auxílio de uma cadeira de rodas ou que estavam acamados antes da ocorrência da fratura
Uso de antibióticos antes da hospitalização (6 meses), ou durante a hospitalização e antes do tratamento da fratura
Pacientes hospitalizados ou residentes em casa de repouso, hospitalização domiciliar ou sob tratamento de hemodiálise
Presença de úlceras de pressão na admissão hospitalar ou adquiridas durante a internação e antes do tratamento da fratura
ASA, classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (16)
Cateterismo vesical ou permanência na UTI, ocorrido durante a hospitalização e antes da fratura
Razão de risco da colonização hospitalar (RR ch), de acordo com a presença de um dos fatores de risco para colonização por bactérias não suscetíveis aos antibióticos [IC de 95%] (valor de p )
| Fator de Risco |
| SCoNRM | KFNSE | CXNSE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
acamados
| 3,17 [1,07–9,38] | 0,34 [0,06–1,88] | 0,85 [0,32–2,25] | 1,28 [0,42–3,89] |
|
| 1,19 [0,35–4,06] | 0,82 [0,40–1,65] | 0,86 [0,39–1,90] | 1,91 [0,75–4,87] |
| Hospitalização prévia à ocorrência da fratura (últimos 12 meses) | 0,97 [0,24–3,96] | 0,72 [0,26–1,99 | 1,23 [0,58–2,6] | 2,97 [1,21–7,29] |
|
Uso de antibióticos
| 5,54 [0,76–40,52] | 1,56 [0,91–2,67] | 0,62 [0,32–1,22] | 0,56 [0,22–1,46] |
|
Institucionalizados
| 2,62 [0,57–12] | 0,72 [0,26–1,99] | 0,92 [0,3–2,88] | 2,60 [0,98–6,89] |
|
Úlceras de pressão
| 1,70 [0,52–5,61] | 1,56 [1,16–2,1] | 0,40 [0,11–1,45] | 0,32 [0,05–2,22] |
|
ASA IV
| 1,91 [0,61–5,99] | 1,82 [1,22–2,7] | 1,15 [0,57–2,32] | 2,59 [1,01–6,62] |
|
Cateterismo vesical
| 1,50 [0,45–5,01] | 1,69 [1,2–2,4] | 0,53 [0,15–1,86] | 1,54 [0,56–4,2] |
|
Permanência na UTI
| 2,64 [0,86–8,15] | 1,60 [1,17–2,18] | 0,92 [0,3–2,88] | 2,19 [0,79–6,06] |
Pacientes que se moviam apenas com o auxílio de uma cadeira de rodas ou que estavam acamados antes da ocorrência da fratura
Uso de antibióticos antes da hospitalização (6 meses), ou durante a hospitalização e antes do tratamento da fratura
Pacientes hospitalizados ou residentes em casa de repouso, hospitalização domiciliar ou sob tratamento de hemodiálise
Presença de úlceras de pressão na admissão hospitalar ou adquiridas durante a internação e antes do tratamento da fratura
ASA, classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (16)
Cateterismo vesical ou permanência na UTI, ocorrido durante a hospitalização e antes da fratura