Relationships between individual isometric muscle forces, EMG activity and joint torque in monkeys.

The aim of the present work was to determine the EMG activity and the moment of force developed by the main elbow flexor muscles, and to establish on this basis the degree of their participation in isometric contractions performed at various positions of the elbow. This was achieved by recording the following biomechanical parameters: EMG and tensile stress (or force) from biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR); EMG from brachialis; external resultant force (FE). There was: a linear or quadratic relationship between the integrated EMG from each muscle and FE; a linear relationship between the force produced by BB or BR and FE. The slope of these relationships depended on the elbow angle, except for that between BB force and FE. It is proposed that iEMG changes compensate for those of the force lever arm. It has been calculated that the contribution of BR to external torque decreased from the extension to flexion while that of BB increased from 70 degrees to 90 degrees and then decreased. How far these data can be extrapolated to man is a matter of discussion based on iEMG and anthropometrical data.