Vichaya Ruenjaiman1, Pimpayao Sodsai1, Patipark Kueanjinda1, Worawan Bunrasmee1, Siriwan Klinchanhom1, Rangsima Reantragoon1, Chavit Tunvirachaisakul2, Kasama Manothummetha3, Nuthchaya Mejun3, Kaewkwan Liengswangwong3, Pattama Torvorapanit4, Leilani Paitoonpong4, Opass Putcharoen4, Tanapat Palaga5, Nattiya Hirankarn1. 1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. 4. Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. 5. Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: tanapat.p@chula.ac.th.
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS: SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms and death. Most COVID-19 pathogenesis is associated with hyperinflammatory conditions driven primarily by myeloid cell lineages. The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection post recovery include various symptoms. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal study of the innate immune profiles 1 and 3 months after recovery in the Thai cohort by comparing patients with mild, moderate, and severe clinical symptoms using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (n = 62). RESULTS: Significant increases in the frequencies of monocytes compared to controls and NK cells compared to mild and moderate patients were observed in severe patients 1-3 months post recovery. Increased polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) were observed in all recovered patients, even after 3 months. Increased IL-6 and TNFα levels in monocytes were observed 1 month after recovery in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, while decreased CD86 and HLA-DR levels were observed regardless of stimulation. A multiplex analysis of serum cytokines performed at 1 month revealed that most innate cytokines, except for TNFα, IL4/IL-13 (Th2) and IFNγ (Th1), were elevated in recovered patients in a severity-dependent manner. Finally, the myelopoiesis cytokines G-CSF and GM-CSF were higher in all patient groups. Increased monocytes and IL-6- and TNFα-producing cells were significantly associated with long COVID-19 symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that COVID-19 infection influences the frequencies and functions of innate immune cells for up to 3 months after recovery, which may potentially lead to some of the long COVID symptoms.
BACKGROUNDS: SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms and death. Most COVID-19 pathogenesis is associated with hyperinflammatory conditions driven primarily by myeloid cell lineages. The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection post recovery include various symptoms. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal study of the innate immune profiles 1 and 3 months after recovery in the Thai cohort by comparing patients with mild, moderate, and severe clinical symptoms using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (n = 62). RESULTS: Significant increases in the frequencies of monocytes compared to controls and NK cells compared to mild and moderate patients were observed in severe patients 1-3 months post recovery. Increased polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) were observed in all recovered patients, even after 3 months. Increased IL-6 and TNFα levels in monocytes were observed 1 month after recovery in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, while decreased CD86 and HLA-DR levels were observed regardless of stimulation. A multiplex analysis of serum cytokines performed at 1 month revealed that most innate cytokines, except for TNFα, IL4/IL-13 (Th2) and IFNγ (Th1), were elevated in recovered patients in a severity-dependent manner. Finally, the myelopoiesis cytokines G-CSF and GM-CSF were higher in all patient groups. Increased monocytes and IL-6- and TNFα-producing cells were significantly associated with long COVID-19 symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that COVID-19 infection influences the frequencies and functions of innate immune cells for up to 3 months after recovery, which may potentially lead to some of the long COVID symptoms.
Authors: Moshe Elkabets; Vera S G Ribeiro; Charles A Dinarello; Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg; James P Di Santo; Ron N Apte; Christian A J Vosshenrich Journal: Eur J Immunol Date: 2010-12 Impact factor: 5.532
Authors: Elizabeth R Mann; Madhvi Menon; Sean Blandin Knight; Joanne E Konkel; John R Grainger; Tracy Hussell; Christopher Jagger; Tovah N Shaw; Siddharth Krishnan; Magnus Rattray; Andrew Ustianowski; Nawar Diar Bakerly; Paul Dark; Graham Lord; Angela Simpson; Timothy Felton; Ling-Pei Ho; Marc Feldmann Journal: Sci Immunol Date: 2020-09-17