Medical Students' Perception of Their Education and Training to Cope with Future Market Trends.

Purpose: Medical studies is a very diverse field of education that seeks to prepare students for a rapidly evolving healthcare market. This study presents the findings of a survey about the perception of medical students about whether they receive training in professionalism and management skills and whether their education prepares them to face the evolving market trends.
Methods: This was a qualitative study that used descriptive data obtained via an online survey conducted among medical students via WhatsApp. The sample included 500 students from 10 medical schools across the UK. The survey was divided into three parts: The first part contained questions related to professionalism and the training they received at the basic level. The second part contained questions about management and leadership training for the medical field and whether the students thought it was important for their future. The last part contained questions about whether the students thought that their level of education was competitive enough to ensure their survival in the face of future market trends.
Results: Most students (77%) thought that training in leadership and management skills was necessary to prepare them for the future market, and 68% felt that they were not receiving satisfactory training in leadership and management skills. The students also felt that they need to be taught more about the market and its various changing features. Finally, the majority (62%) of the students felt that their courses did not focus on social and professional skills.
Conclusion: The findings from the survey indicate that there is a clear need for courses on professionalism and management among medical students and that institutes need to keep up with these emerging needs in terms of training.

Introduction

Public health has become an important topic of debate all over the world, and this has resulted in continuous research and improvements in this field. Most countries around the world have an exclusive department of health that focuses on consistent work on bringing about improvements in healthcare services. Since it is a rather complex field that involves many players, there are a lot of factors that come into play.1–3 In this regard, an important topic to consider is the perception of students in the medical field, since eventually, these students will set the standards for the medical profession in the market.3,4 Therefore, there are a number of studies that mainly focus on students’ views about professionalism in the medical field.

There are certain beliefs, values, and priorities that are directly associated with medical professionals that students of the field take with them from the institution, while at the same time, they also have their own set of beliefs, values, and priorities, which is often defined as a “hidden curriculum.”5 The point of inquiry then is whether the characteristics, feelings, and requirements of the understudies (or the hidden curriculum) are in agreement with those of the establishments.6 Another interesting point of inquiry is patient autonomy, which has received some coverage in the media. Additionally, the internet has provided the public with greater access to information about the health profession.7,8 Understudies’ perspective of medicinal experts could be influenced by their impression or view of this calling, based on their experiences with individuals that they are in contact with.9,10 Students’ perspective of experts, which is largely based on their experiences with individuals, may differ from their perspective on treatment, which would be based on wider experiences and multi-person perspectives: that is, the correct treatment would be based on scientific and clinical evidence, whereas the ideal treatment would also take into consideration the patient’s values and preferences and the physician’s judgment.11 Students’ perspectives are based on their experiences with experts, their own set of values, and their expectations of what an expert ought to be.12 Thus, professionalism is viewed by students as an acquired state, and not a trait that one possesses, as environmental factors contribute more than biological ones to their development over time.12

Students are often confused about their perceptions of the medical field, and there is not enough previous research to provide a clear picture of the impact of their perceptions on future market trends.13,14 In one of the few studies that have explored this topic, students of the first year were investigated,15 and the results were rather different from those obtained for final-year students at medical institutes.16 The latter report found that students in their senior years view the medical profession from a more vocational perspective.17,18 There are a number of relevant reports that have investigated the different perspectives of medical students in different case scenarios. The present study also seeks to explore medical students’ perspectives of the field, but it pays special attention to the impact of social media, competition between medical professionals worldwide, and the importance of evolving medical technology as a tool for learning and gaining evidence-based knowledge. Below, the findings from relevant published studies are presented.

Background Studies

In a cross-sectional research conducted in 2015–2016, questionnaires were distributed to almost 2349 students in their final year via an online platform. The survey included 10 medical schools from the UK, and the questions were based on the current perception of the medical students and their interests and attitudes towards professionalism and leadership in their field.19 Another reported20 survey also included self-rated questions on the students’ perception of their competence in the current medical market and whether they were being taught the skills that can help them become proficient medical professionals.20 According to another study,21 only 7.9% of the students reported that they were being trained to develop the necessary managerial and leadership skills that can help them become good-quality medical professionals. Although professionalism is very important in the medical field, students seem to feel that they are not being properly trained for their future as professionals in the medical field.22,23 According to the majority of students, another important teaching point is decision-making ability, which is an important skill for clinicians, especially in critical situations.24,25 Students were also of the opinion that they needed leadership, management, and professionalism courses in order to keep up with future market trends.26–28 Undoubtedly, competition is always on the increase, and students need to keep up with the changing market trends in order to ensure that their career progresses and they are ready to face their future responsibilities.29

Recent developments in the world, especially in medical curricula, have led to the introduction of various technological tools in teaching.34 A number of these technological developments have been highly beneficial to the medical field.35 Therefore, it is important for students to acquire the skills required for using such tools.36 However, several studies have suggested that medical students in the UK are willing to enhance their technical and leadership skills, but they are not provided with the proper resources they need to do so.30,31 Further, it appears that medical students are expected to focus mostly on gaining theoretical knowledge, but as a result, certain fundamental aspects of the practice are neglected.32,33 Another consequence is that these medical students, who have sound theoretical knowledge, lack other basic practical skills.32,33 If this situation does not change, such poor training and neglect of the students’ needs could critically affect the medical field in the future.

Medical curricula often undergo changes with regard to the teaching of different fields of medical sciences on account of developments that occur globally.37 Some researchers are of the opinion that certain fields of healthcare are assigned more importance than others in the initial training of doctors.26 Further, it has been pointed out that irrespective of the importance assigned to healthcare courses, none of them have been able to keep up with rapidly changing trends in the market and community that have occurred as a result of technological changes.38,39 To date, there have been no objective studies on the perceived relevance of these different courses to the field of medical sciences or their influence on the future from the viewpoint of medical students.40–42 However, one study did investigate the perception of medical students at Cardiff and Paris about the importance of different courses in the medical field, with the help of an attitude analysis questionnaire.43 The study included students who were in the final stages of their studies (and were about to graduate) and were looking forward to their professional life. The results reflect the attitudes of students from varied geopolitical and cultural backgrounds who were at all stages of their medical course and reflect their professional perspectives about the state of medical education in their own region and the scope for the future. The findings pointed to the need for standard medical practices that are tailored to different cultural backgrounds.

Thus, the findings of the relevant studies so far indicate that only a minority of medical students feel that they are receiving training for the necessary leadership and managerial skills they need. They also feel that decision-making skill was an important subject that should be taught as part of their course. Further, the studies so far indicate that there is too much focus on gaining theoretical knowledge and not enough attention to basic practical skills that are required in the field. Finally, the importance of equipping students to learn the use of rapidly evolving technological tools was also pointed out.

Objective

The aim of the present study is to analyze medical students’ views about training in professionalism, leadership, and management skills, and whether they think that their education prepares them for future market trends.

Experimental Design

An online survey was conducted on final-year students from 10 different medical schools in the UK. The survey collected descriptive data, as this study is a qualitative one. The questionnaires were distributed online via WhatsApp to final-year medical students. A total of 500 graduates from the 10 medical schools were sampled. The questionnaire used has been tested and validated by the American board of internal medicine (ABIM) and is accepted as a standard tool for assessing professionalism. The students were expected to respond to the questions with the use of a Likert scale. The questionnaire was divided into three parts that focused on a different aspect of medical studies. The first part contained questions related to professionalism and the training they received at the basic level. The second part contained questions about management and leadership training for the medical field and whether the students thought it was important for their future. The last part contained questions about whether the students thought that their level of education was competitive enough to ensure their survival in the face of future market trends (Figure 1). This qualitative method was apt for understanding the specific research topics. There was some clash of opinions with regard to certain questions; however, the results are based on the opinions of the majority of the participants.

Figure 1

Survey design for the research.

Results

The results of the survey indicate that 74% of the students believe that their education and learning is advanced enough to deal with future competition (Table 1), while 68% believe that they are not being taught management and leadership skills in a satisfactory way (Table 2). Further, 77% of the participants think that acquiring management and leadership skills is essential for medical professionals to cope with future market trends (Table 3). The students also think that improving the quality of medical institutes and modifying the subjects being taught can help them to learn more about the market environment. In particular, 78% of the students strongly agree that there is a need for courses that focus exclusively on management, professionalism, and leadership for medical students. Further, 62% of the student disagree with the statement that their courses are sufficient to enhance their social and professional skills. Overall, the findings from the survey indicate that although institutes are aware that medical students do not receive sufficient preparation to directly enter the market, the institutes make very few changes in their courses to provide their students with the management and leadership skills required to enter a competitive market.

Table 1

Part 1 of the Survey (Professionalism and Training)

Questions	Agree	Disagree	Descriptive Answers
Do you think it is important to teach and train students in professionalism?	87%	13%	Professionalism can help medical students to adjust better in the medical environment, as well as can help them deal with different situations that may occur in their practice.
Does your institute provide you with such training?	63%	37%	Institutes have gradually realized its importance and are now trying to focus on these subjects as well.
Do you think you will immediately adjust to a competitive market as a professional?	59%	41%	There are limited chances of that, since getting trained in medical schools and performing in a professional environment are different.
Is your perception about medical professionalism the same as it was in the initial years of study?	21%	79%	There is a difference in the perception of final-year and first-year students, since students in their senior years learn more about the healthcare market.
If students are taught professionalism, will it help them adjust to future markets?	89%	11%	It will certainly be useful: since the rate of market evolution is so high, pre-training in professionalism is important for keeping up with the changes.
Is it necessary to undergo professional training?	83%	17%	It is necessary, to some extent, since a lack of professionalism can lead to the loss of new medical knowledge for students.
Are institutes paying attention to these courses?	75%	25%	Medical schools are paying attention to this area of study by analyzing its necessity.

Table 2

Part 2 of the Survey (Management and Leadership)

Questions	Agree	Disagree	Descriptive Answers
Is it important for medical students to learn management skills?	62%	38%	There are some areas where there is a clear need for management skills among medical professionals, while it may not be necessary in other areas.
Do you think it will help you succeed in the future market?	77%	23%	The future market will probably require professionals who have good management skills too.
Will there be any change if students are taught these subjects?	22%	78%	Healthcare institutes are functioning quite efficiently right now, so there would not be any significant change.
Is the medical field in need of knowledge about management and leadership?	46%	54%	There are rare scenarios in which such skills are required in the healthcare sector, but it could be helpful for improving the quality of the hospital’s management.
Do you think that your institute provides you with sufficient training in management and leadership?	19%	81%	Medical schools majorly focus on primary education; however, students are not being trained to acquire such skills.

Table 3

Part 3 of the Survey (Competitiveness and Future Trends)

Questions	Agree	Disagree	Descriptive Answers
Do you think the future market will be affected by the state of education in the healthcare sector?	72%	28%	The market keeps evolving along with time, and the education and training that professionals receive now is key to ensuring that they evolve at the same rate as the market.
Is the current education level appropriate for the competitiveness of the market?	85%	15%	The education sector is also evolving, and this helps professionals to be competitive at the present time.
Are there factors other than education that affect future market trends?	50%	50%	Factors such as medical tourism and the quality of medical assistance can affect future market trends in different ways.
Do you think competition will increase in the future?	77%	23%	Competition keeps increasing with time, and it is highly likely that the future will bring new challenges.
Are institutes working on changing their education strategies according to the competition?	61%	39%	No prominent changes are expected for future competition, but courses are certainly being improved and modified to keep up with the expected competition.

Discussion

Currently, the healthcare market is changing rapidly and becoming more complex, since the demands of the market cannot be fulfilled by a single platform or a single expert or group of experts. In this scenario, efficient sharing of information between institutions has gained importance, especially since few changes are being made in the courses and educational strategies of these institutes.1,4 The expansion of educational options, as well as the escalating rate of competition in the current market, mandates greater scrutiny of the true effectiveness of medical institutions in educating future medical professionals,16 and this is what the current study set out to do.

The technological advances of this era have led to rapid diversifications in the field of medical sciences, but the perceptions of medical students are not being honed according to future market needs.44 Although students are aware of these changes and of the need to change their perception of their profession, they require the appropriate guidance and training to help them keep up with the trends. The majority of the students (77%) in the current survey were of the opinion that training in leadership and management skills was necessary to prepare them for the future market, and 68% felt that they were not receiving satisfactory training in leadership and management skills. Thus, the findings indicate that There are various factors that highly impact the future market, such as an increase in healthcare costs, personalization of medical treatment, advances in technology, focus on medical tourism, patient satisfaction, and the ability of professionals to deal with patients.33,43 There is a definite need for exclusive training for medical students in order to help them understand these variables and their impact on the future market, so that they can become competent medical professionals in the future.25 Such training is expected to also enhance the quality of services, and therefore, eventually contribute to economic growth.29 The students surveyed in the present study also felt that they need to be taught more about the market and its various changing features.

According to some published studies, 22,38, medical schools are adopting courses on social and professional skills across different countries because new graduates from medical schools have been found to struggle with these skills. These medical schools acknowledge that while they provide education which ensures that the students gain the essential healthcare knowledge required to work as a professional in the market, it is essential to teach the students such skills as well. In the current study, the majority (62%) of the students felt that their courses did not focus on these skills.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the survey conducted, the present research concludes that the market trends in the medical field are evolving constantly, and students need to be trained so they can cope with these changes. In particular, the findings highlight the importance of courses on professionalism and management as these courses can help medical students to survive and thrive in a competitive market.