Physiological aspects on catecholamine sampling.

Catecholamine (CA) determinations are valuable tools in studies of sympatho-adrenal activity. However, several methodological problems should be considered when designing experiments and interpreting plasma CA results. The commonly assessed antecubital venous noradrenaline (NA) concentrations reflect local nerve activity, since about half of this NA is derived from the forearm tissues. Sympathetic nerve activity is not uniform, but may vary considerably between organs. Overall sympathetic activity is best assessed by measurements of NA in arterial or mixed venous blood. Venous adrenaline (ADR) levels may also be unrepresentative due to marked and variable extraction in the peripheral tissues. Urinary NA and ADR excretion studies still provide valuable information. Regional studies of NA overflow from individual organs give good estimates of local nerve activity and will increase the understanding of the functional organization of the sympathetic nervous system.