Network Pharmacology-Based Combined with Experimental Validation Study to Explore the Underlying Mechanism of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Extract in Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Purpose: The network pharmacology approach and validation experiment were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (APL) extract against acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods: The primary compounds of APL extract were identified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The intersecting targets of active compounds and AMI were determined via network pharmacology analysis. A mouse model of AMI was established by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (Iso). Mice were treated with APL extract by intragastric administration. We assessed the effects of APL extract on the electrocardiography (ECG), cardiac representative markers, representative indicators of oxidative stress, pathological changes, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, as well as apoptosis-related indicators in the mice.
Results: Five candidate compounds were identified in APL extract. Enrichment analyses indicated that APL extract could exert myocardial protective effects via the PI3K/Akt pathway. ST segment elevation and increased heart rate were obviously reversed in APL extract groups compared to Iso group. We also detected significant decreases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) after APL extract treatment. In addition, APL extract markedly decreased the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes after AMI. In the APL extract groups of AMI mice, there were increased expression levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, and there were decreases in Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-3 (caspase-3), and cleaved-caspase-3 protein expression levels, as well as the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.
Conclusion: APL extract had a protective effect against Iso-induced AMI. APL extract could ameliorate AMI through antioxidant and anti-apoptosis actions which may be associated with the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Introduction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) involves myocardial necrosis due to persistent and acute ischemia and hypoxia in the coronary arteries, which can cause heart failure in severe cases.1 AMI is one of the main factors leading to death in patients with cardiovascular diseases.2 One effective treatment involves timely opening of occluded coronary arteries to restore blood flow.3 The principles of therapy are to remedy the dying myocardium, minimize the infarct size, protect heart function, and promptly manage all types of complications. Ischemic myocardium can be restored to normal perfusion, but reperfusion can aggravate injury if performed late after ischemia.4 When the blood supply from the coronary artery cannot meet the myocardial demand, a series of damaging changes occurs, such as myocardial ultrastructural changes, myocardial cell metabolic imbalance, excessive oxidative stress, and myocardial cell necrosis.5 Serious cases may be life-threatening due to arrhythmia or shock.

Isoproterenol (Iso)-induced AMI has become one of the most characteristic models commonly used to evaluate cardioprotective drugs.6 Iso is a β-receptor agonist which can increase myocardial oxygen consumption by enhancing myocardial contraction and heart rate, causing cardiac overload, impairment of myocardial microcirculation, and myocardial infarction. The pathogenesis of Iso-induced AMI mice is related to oxidative stress and apoptosis.7 Apoptosis is a process of autonomous and orderly cell death that is controlled by genes and influenced by changes in the internal environment.8 Many physiological responses are associated with apoptosis, such as normal development of an embryo, renewal of cells, and drug-induced cell death.9 And apoptosis disorders are directly or indirectly associated with cardiovascular disease.10–13

Oxidative stress can induce both oxidative damage and apoptosis, and moderate apoptosis can protect cardiomyocytes from damage in stressful conditions.14–16 Excessive oxidative stress can promote apoptosis and even lead to pathological damage.17 The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway is a significant intracellular signal transduction route that has a protective function in apoptosis.18 This pathway has been shown to modulate the apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related factors.13

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (APL) extract is obtained from the aerial parts of APL. APL is a medicinal plant that contains a variety of chemical components that are known to have antithrombotic, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, as well as the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and regulate nitric oxide production.19 The flavonoids from APL have been reported to have significant free-radical-scavenging activity, protective effects against oxidative DNA damage, antioxidant activity, and aldose-reductase-inhibiting ability.20,21 Furthermore, APL could help to improve glucose metabolism and prevent apoptosis in brain tissue in an ischemic area after middle cerebral artery occlusion.22 However, the effects of aqueous extracts of APL on mice with AMI have not yet been examined.

Network pharmacology has unique advantages in the process of systematically discovering potential active ingredients and targets in traditional Chinese medicine. It can enable comprehensive network analysis of drug action; reveal the mechanisms of drugs in depth; verify the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine; and provide new strategies and directions for modernization research on traditional Chinese medicine.23 As one such medicine, APL has a wide variety of compounds with significant medicinal effects on the cardiovascular system, which could be highly valuable for exploitation.24 However, its benefits in AMI, including its specific effects and potential mechanisms, remain largely unexplored.

Motivated by previous High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) results, this study utilizes network pharmacology and experimental validation to further elucidate the potential mechanisms of APL extract against AMI. We constructed a drug-component-target interaction network to screen potential targets and pathways of APL extract. Furthermore, we validated the protective effects and mechanisms using a mouse model of AMI.

Materials and Methods

Materials

APL extract (Cat.#: HL-210302) was obtained from Xi’an Huilin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanxi, China), Iso was acquired from Amylet Scientific Inc. (Michigan, USA), and verapamil (Ver) was obtained from HeFeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pentobarbital sodium was acquired from Shanghai Rongbai biological technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), 4% paraformaldehyde solution was acquired from Labgic technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), and sodium chloride injection was acquired from Shijiazhuang No.4 pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Hebei, China). Shimadzu LC-20AD was purchased from Shimadzu (Tokyo, Japan). Acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid (chromatographic pure) were obtained from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), while ellagic acid (≥98%), (+)-catechin (≥98%), quercetin (≥98%), quercitrin (≥98%), and taxifolin (≥98%) standard substances were obtained from Alfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China).

HPLC Detection

APL extract was dissolved with methanol (2 mg/mL) for qualitative analysis. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: ZORBAX StableBond C18 chromatographic column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) (Agilent, USA), 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution as mobile phase A, acetonitrile solution as mobile phase B, flow rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 30°C, PDA detector, detection wavelength of 254 nm, injection volume of 10 μL, and 80 min run time. The elution program was as follows: 0–50 min, 5–30% B; 50–70 min, 30–55% B; 70–80 min, 55–95% B.

Target Prediction and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network Construction

The active ingredients were confirmed by HPLC in combination with literature to provide a reference for subsequent network pharmacological studies. The target proteins of the active ingredients in APL extract were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP, ), Swiss Target Prediction (), and DrugBank () databases.25–27 The Genecards database () was used to search for targets related to AMI.28 Homo sapiens was selected for analysis, and the standard names of all protein targets were matched through UniProt ().29 Component and disease targets were searched for intersections and introduced into Cytoscape 3.7.2 to construct network maps. Then, the intersecting targets were imported into String () to build a PPI network.30 Homo sapiens was used as a filtering criterion, and the minimum interaction score was stipulated as high confidence (0.700).

Enrichment Analysis

Cross-targets were imported into Metascape () for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis.31 The core targets and related pathways were screened according to the p value for visualization and analysis. These methods were used in combination with the literature to select suitable indicators for animal experimental validation.

Experimental Animals

Sixty Kunming mice (25 ± 5 g) were acquired from Hebei Medical University (Experimental animal license number: SCXK (Ji) 2018–004) and housed in a standard environment with freely obtainable water and food. All mice were acclimatized for at least 1 week and fasted overnight before experiments. All experimental processes were carried out according to the ethical guidelines authorized by the Ethics Committee of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine (Certificate number: DWLL2020073).

Experimental Design

The animals were randomly divided into six groups: control (Con) group, Iso group (85 mg/kg), Ver group (2 mg/kg), APL extract low-dose (Low) group (75 mg/kg), APL extract middle-dose (Middle) group (150 mg/kg), and APL extract high-dose (High) group (300 mg/kg). The maximum clinical dose (12 g) was used as the middle-dose, the extraction rate of APL extract was 10:1, and the doses were calculated according to the body surface area normalization method. After intragastric administration of APL extract for 7 d, mice were injected subcutaneously with Iso for two consecutive days. After the experiment, the protective effect of APL extract on myocardial injury was observed.

Measurements of Electrocardiography (ECG) Changes

Mice were anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) 24 h after the last Iso injection and then fixed on a fixation plate. ECG was recorded by the RM6240BD Biological Signal Collection System (Chengdu Instrument Factory, Chengdu, China).

Myocardial Enzyme Testing

Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, Cat.#: 210,101), creatine kinase (CK, Cat.#: 201,101), and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB, Cat.#: 201,101) were used as indicators of evaluation of AMI. Blood was removed from eyeballs and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 20 min at 4°C. The supernatant was gathered. LDH, CK, and CK-MB levels were determined using commercial kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Shenzhen Icubio Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China).

Histopathological Varieties of Myocardial Tissues

The experimental mice were sacrificed after performing ECG. The heart tissues were taken from all experimental groups, immediately rinsed with saline, and fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution. After fixation, heart tissues were embedded in paraffin, sliced, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Histopathological evaluation was then performed under a biological microscope.

Oxidative Stress-Related Indicators

The heart samples were cut into 5 μm thick cryosections which were stained with DHE (Cat.#: D7008) dye solution and incubated for 30 min at 37°C in the dark. After rinsing the dye solution with PBS three times, ROS levels were observed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope. The serums were assayed for the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA, Cat.#: 200,425; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, Cat.#: 200,425; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) activities to evaluate oxidative stress in mice with AMI.

TUNEL Assay

Myocardial apoptosis was assayed using an in situ apoptosis detection kit (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Myocardial tissue sections were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline, immobilized in 4% paraformaldehyde solution, and incubated in proteinase K for 10 min. Apoptotic nuclei were identified by green TUNEL staining. Then each myocardial sample was photographed with a fluorescence microscope at 200 × (Nikon, Japan).

Western Blot Assay

Heart tissues were lysed with RIPA Lysis Buffer (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), and total proteins were extracted and denatured. The protein concentration was determined using an Ultra-micro spectrophotometer (METTLER TOLEDO, Shanghai, China). Protein (50 µg) was sampled from each group, separated by 10% SDS‑PAGE at constant pressure, and transferred onto PVDF membranes with constant flow (Transfer Membranes, Shanghai, China). Blots were sealed with 5% skim milk on a shaker at room temperature for 1.5 h and then incubated with specific primary antibodies against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, Cat.#: AF7021), PI3K (Cat.#: AF6241), p-PI3K (Cat.#: AF3241), Akt (Cat.#: AF6261), p-Akt (Cat.#: AF0016), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2, Cat.#: AF6139), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax, Cat.#: AF0120), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-3 (caspase-3, Cat.#: AF6311), and cleaved-caspase-3 (Cat.#: AF7022) (Affinity Biosciences, Jiangsu, China) at 1:2000 and 4°C overnight. The specific protein was incubated with a secondary antibody (Cat.#: S0001, Affinity Biosciences, Jiangsu, China) for 50 min at room temperature after washing the PVDF membranes three times with TBST. Proteins were detected using an Intelligent Image Workstation (6000Plus, Guangzhou Biolight Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China).

Statistical Analysis

The acquired data were expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and analyzed by measuring the statistical significance between groups using a one-way analysis of variance test, followed by a Tukey’s test. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Active Chemical Constituents of APL Extract

The results of HPLC analysis (Figure 1A) showed that the most critical active ingredients of APL extract were (+)-catechin, ellagic acid, taxifolin, quercitrin, and quercetin (Figure 1B) with contents of 24.24 mg/g, 9.76 mg/g, 11.03 mg/g, 9.84 mg/g, and 0.78 mg/g, respectively. A linear regression analysis was performed by plotting the standard curve of peak area (Y) and concentration (X) for the standard substance, and the results showed a good linear relationship between the peak area and concentration (Table 1).

Figure 1

APL extract. (A) Standard chromatograms. (B) Chemically active ingredients. 1. (+)-catechin, 2. ellagic acid, 3. taxifolin, 4. quercitrin, 5. quercetin.

Table 1

Regression Equation

Name	Regression Equation	r
(+)-catechin	Y = 7E+06X + 842.95	0.999
Ellagic acid	Y = 2E+08X + 11,603	0.999
Taxifolin	Y = 8E+06X - 821.3	0.999
Quercitrin	Y = 5E+07X + 57,491	0.987
Quercetin	Y = 3E+08X + 4191.2	0.999

Network Analysis

Based on the TCMSP, Swiss Target Prediction, and DrugBank databases, 152 targets were obtained for 5 active ingredients (Figure 2A). A total of 899 AMI targets were collected and screened from the Genecards database. Combining targets of APL extract with AMI-related targets, 93 common targets were identified (Figure 2B). Based on these, a PPI network of intersecting targets was constructed for active ingredients of APL extract and AMI (Figure 2C). Moreover, APL extract mainly influenced AMI through 20 common targets, including AKT1, TNF, and JUN.

Figure 2

Target screening and network construction. (A) Drug-compound-target visualization network. (B) Venn diagram of the targets of APL extract’s active compounds and AMI. (C) PPI network of the targets of APL extract’s active compounds and AMI. The green rectangle represents the drug, the blue hexagon represents the candidate components of APL extract for the treatment of AMI, the purple circle represents the targets of APL extract active components, and the edges between targets represent their connections.

KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analyses were done to identify the potential mechanisms of APL extract for the treatment of AMI. The 93 intersecting targets of APL extract and AMI were enriched in 179 KEGG pathways, and the top 20 pathways are shown in Figure 3A. The results showed that the mechanisms of APL extract for AMI mainly involves pathways in cancer, lipids and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Figure 3

KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analyses. (A) KEGG pathway analysis of candidate targets of APL extract against AMI. (B) GO terms of candidate targets of APL extract against AMI.

GO analysis showed that the top 10 terms were markedly enriched in BP, CC, and MF (Figure 3B). The results demonstrated that these 93 targets were tightly correlated with the following terms. The biological processes were mainly related to the response to inorganic substances, positive regulation of cell migration, and positive regulation of cell motility. The cellular components were primarily involved the membrane raft, membrane microdomain, and caveola. The molecular functions principally focused on cytokine receptor binding, protein domain specific binding, and DNA-binding transcription factor binding. Furthermore, it has been observed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AMI and mainly participates in the apoptotic process.32 Therefore, animal experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway of AMI.

Effect of APL Extract on ECG of AMI Model Mice

The ECG results showed that Iso caused an increase in heart rate and elevation in the ST segment in comparison to the Con group (P < 0.01). Conversely, APL extract pre-treatment notably reduced the increase in heart rate and the elevated ST segment in comparison to the Iso group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, in Iso-induced AMI mice, high doses of APL extract resulted in near-normal heart rate and ST segment (Figure 4). The data suggested that APL extract could reverse the changes of ECG.

Figure 4

APL extract decreased HR (A) and Degree of ST segment elevation (B) in Iso-induced AMI mice. Values are displayed as mean ± SEM (n=10). Significant differences are presented as **P < 0.01 in comparison to the Con group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, in comparison to the Iso group.

Effect of APL Extract on Serum LDH, CK, and CK-MB Enzyme Activities

In the Iso group, the results of the serum biochemical analysis suggested that LDH, CK, and CK-MB levels rose prominently in comparison to the Con group (P < 0.01). The activities of the marker enzymes such as LDH, CK, and CK-MB in the serum presented a significant reduction after administration of APL extract (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The data revealed that APL extract could abate cardiac enzyme activity in AMI mice (Figure 5).

Figure 5

APL extract reduced LDH (A), CK (B), and CK-MB (C) activities in Iso-induced AMI mice. Values are displayed as mean ± SEM (n=10). Significant differences are displayed as **P < 0.01 in comparison with the Con group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 in comparison with the Iso group.

Effect of APL Extract on Histopathology of AMI in Mice

In the Con group, myocardial cells were morphologically normal, well structured, and tightly dense. There was no obvious edema, injury, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, or other manifestations. The myocardial cells were morphologically altered, and the arrangement was disordered in the Iso group. Edema, cell necrosis, and infiltration of myocardial fibers by inflammatory cellular factors were observed. These pathological changes confirmed the successful induction of AMI by Iso.

After administration of the various doses of APL extract, the myocardial tissue had better morphology, and there were fewer necrotic and inflammatory infiltrated cells. The effect in the High group was the most pronounced, and the pathological features were substantially improved and nearly normal (Figure 6). These changes suggested that the treatment of mice with APL extract could improve pathological patterns.

Figure 6

APL extract mitigated Iso-induced AMI in mice. Effects of APL extract on cardiac histopathologic in Iso-treated mice. Observation of histopathological changes in the heart using typical H&E staining images (magnification 400 ×). Red arrow indicates edema, black arrow indicates cell necrosis, and yellow arrow indicates inflammatory infiltration.

Effect of APL Extract on ROS, SOD, and MDA Levels

The data showed that the SOD activity in mice treated with Iso was significantly lower, and the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly higher than normal (P < 0.01), demonstrating that mice were in a state of excessive stress in the Iso group. The treatment of AMI mice with APL extract substantially increased the SOD activities and reduced the number of ROS and the MDA level (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). We found that the doses used in the Middle and High group had favorable influences on oxidative stress injury in mice after the occurrence of infarction (Figure 7).

Figure 7

APL extract mitigated Iso-induced excessive oxidative stress in mice. ROS (A and B) (magnification 200 ×), SOD (C), and MDA (D) levels were detected in mice. Values are displayed as mean ± SEM (n=10). Significant differences are displayed as **P < 0.01 in comparison with the Con group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 in comparison with the Iso group.

Effect of APL Extract on the Apoptosis of Myocardial Cells in Mice

The TUNEL assay was applied to inspect apoptotic cells in myocardial tissues after AMI and the protective effect of APL extract. The results showed that apoptosis was not detectable in the Con group. However, the rate of apoptosis in myocardial tissues in the Iso group was dramatically increased compared to the Con group. In contrast, the number of apoptotic cells was substantially decreased by APL extract treatment, demonstrating that APL extract was capable of inhibiting the apoptosis of myocardial tissue cells in mice (Figure 8).

Figure 8

APL extract decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis in AMI mice. Typical pictures of immunofluorescent TUNEL staining (magnification 200 ×).

Effect of APL Extract on Apoptosis Proteins in Myocardial Tissue of Mice with AMI

The results indicated that Iso reduced the expression of Bcl-2 (P < 0.05) and increased the expressions of Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Additionally, APL extract treatment was found to significantly reverse these changes, downregulating Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3 while upregulating Bcl-2 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These data indicated that APL extract could inhibit apoptosis by upregulating the expression levels of anti-apoptotic protein and downregulating those of anti-apoptotic protein (Figure 9). Therefore, APL extract may exert a significant inhibitory effect on Iso-induced myocardial tissue apoptosis in mice.

Figure 9

APL extract inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis of Iso-induced mice. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were tested by Western blotting assay (A). Bcl-2 (B), Bax (C), Bax/Bcl-2 (D), caspase-3 (E), and cleaved-caspase-3 (F) levels were calculated by grayscale analysis. Values are displayed as mean ± SEM (n=3). Significant differences are shown as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 in comparison to the Con group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 in comparison to the Iso group.

Effect of APL Extract on the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

To determine whether APL extract activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the expressions of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt were inspected. There were no prominent changes in PI3K and Akt protein levels among the different groups according to the Western blot analysis. The results indicated that the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt decreased after Iso treatment compared to the Con group (P < 0.01). Conversely, in comparison with the Iso group, the expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt were increased with APL extract therapy (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) (Figure 10). These data implied that APL extract probably occurred regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Figure 10

APL extract upregulated PI3K/Akt signaling of Iso-induced mice. The expression levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt protein were inspected by Western blotting assay (A), and p-PI3K (B) and p-Akt (C) were calculated by densitometric analysis. Values are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). Significant differences are presented as **P < 0.01 in comparison with the Con group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 in comparison with the Iso group.

Discussion

Since AMI often causes irreversible myocardial damage, it has high morbidity and mortality rates.33 Currently, direct percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy are widely used to treat AMI.34 However, these treatments produce side effects such as reperfusion injury, so it is necessary to develop newer and safer natural products. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are the key factors in AMI. Hence, compounds exhibiting both antioxidant and anti-apoptosis activities are indispensable for developing treatment strategies for AMI. Clinical studies have been confirmed that certain natural compounds can provide significant cardioprotection against I/R injury of patients with AMI, potentially through the suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis.35,36 Previous studies have shown that APL extract against cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury might be relevant with its antioxidant potential.22 Here, the active components of APL extract were first identified, and then network pharmacology was performed to predict the targets and pathways of APL extract for the treatment of AMI in this study. Finally, we investigated the therapeutic effect of APL extract on AMI and confirmed that it has a myocardial protective effect against AMI caused by Iso (Figure 11).

Figure 11

Diagram of the likely protective mechanism of APL extract against Iso-induced AMI.

The KEGG and GO enrichment analyses suggested that the mechanisms of APL extract’s action against AMI could involve multiple factors. Based on these results, the PI3K/Akt pathway was examined through additional screening. The pathway is tightly related to oxidative stress and apoptosis to a large degree, which suggests that the effect of APL extract on AMI is related to apoptosis, as confirmed by subsequent experiments.37 The results of animal experiments showed that APL extract could protect against AMI caused by Iso.

AMI is a severe consequence of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease that is defined and described based on ECG, pathology, and biochemical findings. Subcutaneous injection of Iso for two consecutive days in Kunming mice caused dramatic changes in ECG. This could be due to the continuous loss of cell membrane potential in the injured myocardium leading to ECG changes.38,39 Serum levels of cardiac enzymes LDH and CK are sensitive markers and CK-MB is sensitive and specific markers for the diagnosis of AMI.40 When myocardial infarction occurs, a large amount of intracellular myocardial enzymes are released into the blood. Therefore, the serum levels of myocardial enzymes LDH, CK, and CK-MB can reflect the degree of myocardial damage. Previous research studies have revealed that Iso caused marked increases in the serum levels of LDH, CK, and CK-MB activities, reflecting the extreme damage to myocardium cells.41 The results in this study suggested that the treatment with APL extract reduced the serum cardiac myocyte enzyme activity in mice. This confirmed the alleviating effect of APL extract on post-infarction myocardial injury, thus reducing the leakage of cardiac enzymes.

Moreover, H&E staining can visualize the extent of myocardial injury. The results suggested that the myocardial cells had altered morphology, disordered arrangement, and cell necrosis in the Iso group. In the APL extract groups, cell morphology and arrangement were restored, and cell necrosis was significantly reduced. These suggested that APL extract might promote cardiac neural remodeling and improve ECG characteristics in AMI mice.

The administration of Iso has been reported to induce oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis in mice.42 Many reports have suggested that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of AMI and the levels of oxidative markers in myocardial tissue, such as ROS, SOD, and MDA.43 ROS has a vital role in oxidative damage to biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins. SOD plays a critical role in defending against cellular damage caused by oxygen free radicals and can inhibit apoptosis in some cells. MDA is a final oxidative product of lipid peroxidation, and increased production of free radicals can cause damage to cardiac cell membranes.44 In the present study, treatment with APL extract markedly increased SOD level and decreased the number of ROS and MDA level, proving that APL extract can exert myocardial protection through antioxidant. Furthermore, TUNEL staining revealed significant myocardial apoptosis. Administration of Iso has been reported to increase the activity of caspase-3 and DNA damage, which shows a process of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.45 The TUNEL assay demonstrated that treatment with APL extract significantly decreased myocardial apoptosis in mice with AMI. Thus, the results showed that APL extract could protect myocardial cells from injury by inhibiting apoptosis.

The PI3K/Akt pathway mediates many cellular biological activities, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis.46 Earlier researches have demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway might participate in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.47,48 Activation of PI3K promotes phosphorylation of Akt and affects its conformational changes, initiating the apoptotic process.13 After PI3K activation, it phosphorylates downstream Akt, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates Bcl-2-family gene expression.49–51 Bcl-2 inhibits Bax activity and prevents it from embedding in the outer mitochondrial membrane, which in turn inhibits caspase-3 activity and exerts an anti-apoptotic effect.52–54

As expected, APL extract markedly increased the expression levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt proteins and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, transcriptional regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway could regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3, thereby reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis.55,56 Other studies have indicated that the PI3K/Akt pathway also reduces AMI by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis.57 APL extract could improve AMI through antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects which may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

The present study indicates that the protective effect of APL extract against Iso-induced myocardial infarction in mice may be related to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activity. However, one limitation of this study is that despite the current results exhibited a mechanism by which APL extract affects AMI is related to the PI3K/Akt pathway, further addition of inhibitors is needed to verify the specific mechanisms by which APL extract affects AMI.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the protective effects of APL extract in mice with AMI. APL extract could ameliorate AMI through antioxidant and anti-apoptosis actions which may be associated with the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The study has emphasized the potential development value of APL extract for the treatment of AMI-related diseases.