Concussion Prone Scenarios: A Multi-Dimensional Exploration in Impact Directions, Brain Morphology, and Network Architectures Using Computational Models.

While individual susceptibility to traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been speculated, past work does not provide an analysis considering how physical features of an individual's brain (e.g., brain size, shape), impact direction, and brain network features can holistically contribute to the risk of suffering a TBI from an impact. This work investigated each of these features simultaneously using computational modeling and analyses of simulated functional connectivity. Unlike the past studies that assess the severity of TBI based on the quantification of brain tissue damage (e.g., principal strain), we approached the brain as a complex network in which neuronal oscillations orchestrate to produce normal brain function (estimated by functional connectivity) and, to this end, both the anatomical damage location and its topological characteristics within the brain network contribute to the severity of brain function disruption and injury. To represent the variations in the population, we analyzed a publicly available database of brain imaging data and selected five distinct network architectures, seven different brain sizes, and three uniaxial head rotational conditions to study the consequences of 74 virtual impact scenarios. Results show impact direction produces the most significant change in connections across brain areas (structural connectome) and the functional coupling of activity across these brain areas (functional connectivity). Axial rotations were more injurious than those with sagittal and coronal rotations when the head kinematics were the same for each condition. When the impact direction was held constant, brain network architecture showed a significantly different vulnerability across axial and sagittal, but not coronal rotations. As expected, brain size significantly affected the expected change in structural and functional connectivity after impact. Together, these results provided groupings of predicted vulnerability to impact-a subgroup of male brain architectures exposed to axial impacts were most vulnerable, while a subgroup of female brain architectures was the most tolerant to the sagittal impacts studied. These findings lay essential groundwork for subject-specific analyses of concussion and provide invaluable guidance for designing personalized protection equipment.