| Literature DB >> 36110892 |
Steffi Hartmann1, Thorsten Kühn2, Michael Hauptmann3, Elmar Stickeler4, Marc Thill5, Michael P Lux6, Sarah Fröhlich1, Franziska Ruf7, Sibylle Loibl8,9, Jens-Uwe Blohmer10, Hans-Christian Kolberg11, Elisabeth Thiemann12, Michael Weigel13, Christine Solbach14, Gabriele Kaltenecker15, Peter Paluchowski16, Michael G Schrauder17, Stefan Paepke18, Dirk Watermann19, Markus Hahn20, Maria Hufnagel21, Jutta Lefarth22, Michael Untch23, Maggie Banys-Paluchowski7,24.
Abstract
Introduction To date, the optimal axillary staging procedure for initially node-positive breast carcinoma patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been unclear. The aim of the AXSANA study is to prospectively compare different surgical staging techniques with respect to the oncological outcome and quality of life for the patients. Little is known about current clinical practice in Germany. Material and Methods In this paper we analyzed data from patients enrolled in the AXSANA study at German study sites from June 2020 to March 2022. Results During the period under investigation, 1135 patients were recruited at 143 study sites. More than three suspicious lymph nodes were initially found in 22% of patients. The target lymph node (TLN) was marked in 64% of cases. This was done with clips/coils in 83% of patients, with magnetic seeds or carbon suspension in 8% each, and with a radar marker in 1% of patients. After NACT, targeted axillary dissection (TAD) or axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND) were each planned in 48% of patients, and sentinel lymph node biopsy alone (SLNB) in 2%. Clinically, the nodal status after NACT was found to be unremarkable in 65% of cases. Histological lymph node status was correctly assessed by palpation in 65% of patients and by sonography in 69% of patients. Conclusion At the German AXSANA study sites, TAD and ALND are currently used as the most common surgical staging procedures after NACT in initially node-positive breast cancer patients. The TLN is marked with various markers prior to NACT. Given the inadequate accuracy of clinical assessment of axillary lymph node status after NACT, it should be questioned whether axillary dissection after NACT should be performed based on clinical assessment of nodal status alone. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: AXSANA; breast carcinoma; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; target lymph nodes; targeted axillary dissection
Year: 2022 PMID: 36110892 PMCID: PMC9470287 DOI: 10.1055/a-1889-7883
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.754
Fig. 1AXSANA study design.
Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for AXSANA study according to protocol version 5.1.
| Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
Written declaration of consent Primary invasive breast carcinoma confirmed by punch biopsy cN+ (confirmed by punch biopsy/FNA or presence of highly suspicious axillary lymph nodes on imaging) If a minimally invasive biopsy of the axillary lymph node(s) has been performed and yielded a negative or equivocal result, the patient may still participate in the study if the lymph node status is classified as cN+ in the final correlation between pathology and imaging findings. cT1 – cT4 Planned neoadjuvant system therapy Female/male patients aged ≥ 18 years | Distant metastatic breast carcinoma Locoregional recurrence Inflammatory breast carcinoma Extramammary breast carcinoma Bilateral breast carcinoma History of invasive breast cancer, DCIS, or a self-reported invasive malignancy Proven or suspected supraclavicular lymph node metastasis Proven or suspected parasternal lymph node metastasis Axillary operation prior to NACT (e.g., SLNB or lymph node sampling) Pregnancy at the time of admission to the study Less than 4 cycles of NACT applied Lack of operability |
Fig. 2Flowchart AXSANA enrollment status 20 March 2022 and current study cohorts.
Table 2 Clinicopathological tumor characteristics for the subcohorts with (OP+) and without (OP−) OP data after NACT and the total cohort in Germany before NACT.
| Parameters | Sub cohort OP+ | Sub cohort OP− | Total cohort |
|---|---|---|---|
| OP = operation; SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; NACT = neoadjuvant chemotherapy; LN = lymph nodes; HR = hormone receptor; HER2 = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 | |||
| Number of patients, n (%) | 313 (47.1) | 352 (52.9) | 665 (100) |
| Mean age, years (± SD) | 52.7 (± 11.8) | 51.9 (± 11.1) | 52.3 (± 11.5) |
| Mean BMI, kg/m 2 (± SD) | 26.4 (± 5.5) | 27.3 (± 8.6) | 26.9 (± 7.3) |
| cT stage before NACT, n (%) | |||
1 2 3 4 | 80 (25.6) | 97 (27.6) | 177 (26.6) |
| Number of suspicious lymph nodes before NACT, n (%) | |||
1 – 3 > 3 No data | 243 (77.6) | 275 (78.1) | 518 (77.9) |
| Tumor type, n (%) | |||
Invasive ductal Invasive lobular Mixed invasive ductal/lobular Other No data | 290 (92.6) | 317 (90.0) | 607 (91.3) |
| Grading, n (%) | |||
1 2 3 4 | 5 (1.6) | 8 (2.3) | 13 (1.9) |
| Tumor biology, n (%) | |||
HR+/HER2− HR+/HER2+ HR−/HER2+ HR−/HER2− | 135 (43.1) | 174 (49.4) | 309 (46.5) |
| Multicentricity, n (%) | |||
Yes No | 58 (18.5) | 54 (15.3) | 112 (16.8) |
Table 3 Markers used to mark suspicious axillary lymph nodes before NACT.
| Marker | Number of patients (%) |
|---|---|
| NACT = neoadjuvant chemotherapy | |
| Metal clip/coil | 356 (83.2) |
| Of which: Tumark Vision (Somatex) BIP-O-Twist-Marker (BIP Biomed. Instrumente & Produkte GmbH) HydroMark (Mammotome) Tumark Professional (Somatex) KliniMark Clip (KLINIKA Medical GmbH) UltraClipII (Bard) Other | |
| Magnetic seed | 35 (8.2) |
| Carbon suspension | 33 (7.7) |
| Radar marker | 4 (0.9) |
| Total | 428 (100) |
Table 4 Planned axillary operation after NACT depending on ycN status (OP+ subcohort, n = 313).
| Planned operation | Number of ycN+ (%) | Number of ycN0 (%) | Number with no data for ycN (%) | Total number (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALND = axillary lymphadenectomy; SLNB = sentinel lymph node biopsy; TLNB = target lymph node biopsy; TAD = targeted axillary dissection | ||||
| ALND | 76 (69.7) | 75 (36.9) | 0 (0) | 151 (48.2) |
| SLNB | 2 (1.8) | 5 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 7 (2.2) |
| TLNB | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.7) |
| TAD | 28 (25.7) | 120 (59.1) | 1 (100) | 149 (47.6) |
| Other | 2 (1.8) | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.3) |
| Total | 109 (100.0) | 203 (100.0) | 1 (100) | 313 (100) |
Table 5 Correlation between clinical and pathological lymph node status after NACT (OP+ subcohort, n = 313).
| Lymph node status after NACT | Number of ypN0 (%) | Number of ypN+ (%) | Number with no data for ypN (%) | Total number (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NACT = neoadjuvant chemotherapy; LN = lymph nodes | ||||
| ycN0 | 138 (68.0) | 64 (31.5) | 1 (0.5) | 203 (100) |
| ycN+ | 33 (30.3) | 76 (69.7) | 0 (0) | 109 (100) |
| No data for ycN | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) |
Abb. 1Studiendesign AXSANA.
Tab. 1 Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien AXSANA-Studie laut Protokoll Version 5.1.
| Einschlusskriterien | Ausschlusskriterien |
|---|---|
schriftliche Einwilligungserklärung stanzbioptisch gesichertes primäres invasives Mammakarzinom cN+ (gesichert mittels Stanzbiopsie/FNA oder Vorhandensein von bildgebend hochsuspekten axillären Lymphknoten) Ist eine minimalinvasive Biopsie des/der axillären Lymphknoten(s) erfolgt und erbrachte ein negatives oder unklares Ergebnis, ist Studienteilnahme möglich, wenn der Lymphknotenstatus in der finalen Bildgebung-Pathologie-Korrelation als cN+ eingestuft wird. cT1 – cT4 geplante neoadjuvante Systemtherapie weibliche/männliche Patienten im Alter von ≥ 18 Jahren | fernmetastasiertes Mammakarzinom lokoregionäres Rezidiv inflammatorisches Mammakarzinom extramammäres Mammakarzinom bilaterales Mammakarzinom invasives Mammakarzinom, DCIS oder ein invasives Malignom in der Eigenanamnese nachgewiesene oder vermutete supraklavikuläre Lymphknotenmetastasierung nachgewiesene oder vermutete parasternale Lymphknotenmetastasierung axilläre Operation vor der NACT (z. B. SLNB oder Lymphknotensampling) Schwangerschaft zum Zeitpunkt der Studienaufnahme weniger als 4 Zyklen der NACT appliziert fehlende Operationsfähigkeit |
Abb. 2Flussdiagramm AXSANA-Rekrutierungsstand 20.03.2022 und aktuelle Studienkohorten.
Tab. 2 Klinisch-pathologische Tumorcharakteristika für die Teilkohorten mit (OP+) und ohne (OP−) OP-Daten nach NACT und die Gesamtkohorte Deutschland vor NACT.
| Parameter | Subkohorte OP+ | Subkohorte OP− | Gesamtkohorte |
|---|---|---|---|
| OP = Operation; SD = Standardabweichung; BMI = Body-Mass-Index; NACT = neoadjuvante Chemotherapie; LK = Lymphknoten; HR = Hormonrezeptor; HER2 = Human epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 | |||
| Anzahl PatientInnen, n (%) | 313 (47,1) | 352 (52,9) | 665 (100) |
| mittleres Alter, Jahre (± SD) | 52,7 (± 11,8) | 51,9 (± 11,1) | 52,3 (± 11,5) |
| mittlerer BMI, kg/m 2 (± SD) | 26,4 (± 5,5) | 27,3 (± 8,6) | 26,9 (± 7,3) |
| cT-Stadium vor NACT, n (%) | |||
1 2 3 4 | 80 (25,6) | 97 (27,6) | 177 (26,6) |
| Anzahl suspekter LK vor NACT, n (%) | |||
1 – 3 > 3 keine Angabe | 243 (77,6) | 275 (78,1) | 518 (77,9) |
| Tumortyp, n (%) | |||
invasiv-duktal invasiv-lobulär gemischt invasiv-duktal/-lobulär andere keine Angabe | 290 (92,6) | 317 (90,0) | 607 (91,3) |
| Grading, n (%) | |||
1 2 3 4 | 5 (1,6) | 8 (2,3) | 13 (1,9) |
| Tumorbiologie, n(%) | |||
HR+/HER2− HR+/HER2+ HR−/HER2+ HR−/HER2− | 135 (43,1) | 174 (49,4) | 309 (46,5) |
| Multizentrizität, n (%) | |||
ja nein | 58 (18,5) | 54 (15,3) | 112 (16,8) |
Tab. 3 Verwendete Marker zur Markierung suspekter axillärer Lymphknoten vor NACT.
| Marker | Anzahl PatientInnen (%) |
|---|---|
| NACT = neoadjuvante Chemotherapie | |
| Metallclip/-coil | 356 (83,2) |
| davon: Tumark Vision (Somatex) BIP-O-Twist-Marker (BIP Biomed. Instrumente & Produkte GmbH) HydroMark (Mammotome) Tumark Professional (Somatex) KliniMark Clip (KLINIKA Medical GmbH) UltraClipII (Bard) andere | |
| magnetischer Seed | 35 (8,2) |
| Kohlenstoffsuspension | 33 (7,7) |
| Radarmarker | 4 (0,9) |
| gesamt | 428 (100) |
Tab. 4 Geplante axilläre Operation nach NACT abhängig vom ycN-Status (Subkohorte OP+, n = 313).
| geplante Operation | Anzahl ycN+ (%) | Anzahl ycN0 (%) | Anzahl keine Angabe ycN (%) | Anzahl gesamt (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALND = axilläre Lymphonodektomie; SLNB = Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; TLNB = Target Lymph Node Biopsy; TAD = Targeted Axillary Dissection | ||||
| ALND | 76 (69,7) | 75 (36,9) | 0 (0) | 151 (48,2) |
| SLNB | 2 (1,8) | 5 (2,5) | 0 (0) | 7 (2,2) |
| TLNB | 1 (1,0) | 1 (0,5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0,7) |
| TAD | 28 (25,7) | 120 (59,1) | 1 (100) | 149 (47,6) |
| andere | 2 (1,8) | 2 (1,0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1,3) |
| gesamt | 109 (100,0) | 203 (100,0) | 1 (100) | 313 (100) |
Tab. 5 Korrelation zwischen klinischem und pathologischem Lymphknotenstatus nach NACT (Subkohorte OP+, n = 313).
| LK-Status nach NACT | Anzahl ypN0 (%) | Anzahl ypN+ (%) | Anzahl keine Angabe ypN (%) | Anzahl gesamt (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NACT = neoadjuvante Chemotherapie; LK = Lymphknoten | ||||
| ycN0 | 138 (68,0) | 64 (31,5) | 1 (0,5) | 203 (100) |
| ycN+ | 33 (30,3) | 76 (69,7) | 0 (0) | 109 (100) |
| ycN keine Angabe | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) |