Challenges and opportunities of smallholder pig production systems in Rwanda.

To decipher the dynamics, challenges, and opportunities of smallholder pig farming in Rwanda, a household survey was conducted in ten districts of the country. A total of 900 households selected randomly across four provinces and one city, 12 districts, 28 sectors, and villages were interviewed using a pretested printed questionnaire. Most of the respondents were heads of household: 70.9% for western, 63.5% in eastern, 54.1% in northern, and 52.5% in southern province, and their mean age was 46.7 years and had widely varying education levels. Crossbred pig genotypes were the most preferred due to their high growth rate and produce large litters compared to local pigs, as well as their high resistance to disease, and can better utilize low-quality feeds compared to pure exotic pigs. Piglets and sows were the biggest populations on most farms. Production of piglets for sale was the main purpose of rearing pigs in 63.7% of the farms. Natural mating was almost (99.1%) exclusive on all farms, implying that artificial insemination is yet to take root in Rwanda. Weeds were reported to be the main feed resource used particularly in wet season, while cereal grain mashes and concentrates were used by very few farmers due to high costs. Dominant challenges related to limited pig and pork markets, high taxation, limited extension services, and disease outbreak were highlighted. The most common diseases affecting pigs were swine erysipelas and internal parasites. Access to veterinary services by the households was limited especially in northern province (20%) leading to wrong diagnosis. Capacity building and provision of access to quality animal health services as well as setting up of markets were proposed as strategies to improve pig production by smallholders in Rwanda and grab a share of the lucrative pork market in the region.