Heba Jafar Sabbagh1, Wafaa Abdelaziz2, Waleed Alghamdi3, Maryam Quritum2, Nada AbuBakr AlKhateeb4, Joud Abourdan5, Nafeesa Qureshi6, Shabnum Qureshi7, Ahmed H N Hamoud8, Nada Mahmoud9, Ruba Odeh10, Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati11, Rawiah Jaber12, Abdulrahman Loaie Balkhoyor13, Mohammed Shabi14, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan15, Omolola Alade16, Noha Gomaa17, Raqiya Alnahdi18, Nawal A Mahmoud19, Hanane El Wazziki20, Manal Alnaas21, Bahia Samodien22, Rawa A Mahmoud23, Nour Abu Assab24, Sherin Saad25, Sondos G Alhachim26, Maha El Tantawi2. 1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. 2. Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt. 3. Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. 4. Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. 5. Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34230, Turkey. 6. City Quay Dental Practice and Implant Centre, Dundee DD1 3JA, UK. 7. Department of Education, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India. 8. Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt. 9. Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Khartoum 1111, Sudan. 10. College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates. 11. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus 368, Syria. 12. General Courses, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. 13. Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. 14. University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia. 15. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 16. Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 17. Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. 18. Department of Dental Surgery, Oman Dental College, Muscat 116, Oman. 19. Institute of Creative Art and Design (ICAD), Kuala Lumpur Campus, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia. 20. Department of Cereal Plant Pathology, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat 10090, Morocco. 21. Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK. 22. Western Cape Education Department, Cape Town 8001, South Africa. 23. Musculoskeletal Center, International Medical Center, Jeddah 21451, Saudi Arabia. 24. Schools of Awqaf, Directorate of Education, Jerusalem, Israel. 25. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. 26. Health Education Services, Ingham County, Lansing, MI 48933, USA.
Abstract
(1) Background: Adolescents-and-young-adults (AYA) are prone to anxiety. This study assessed AYA's level of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic; and determined if anxiety levels were associated with country-income and region, socio-demographic profile and medical history of individuals. (2) Methods: A survey collected data from participants in 25 countries. Dependent-variables included general-anxiety level, and independent-variables included medical problems, COVID-19 infection, age, sex, education, and country-income-level and region. A multilevel-multinomial-logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between dependent, and independent-variables. (3) Results: Of the 6989 respondents, 2964 (42.4%) had normal-anxiety, and 2621 (37.5%), 900 (12.9%) and 504 (7.2%) had mild, moderate and severe-anxiety, respectively. Participants from the African region (AFR) had lower odds of mild, moderate and severe than normal-anxiety compared to those from the Eastern-Mediterranean-region (EMR). Also, participants from lower-middle-income-countries (LMICs) had higher odds of mild and moderate than normal-anxiety compared to those from low-income-countries (LICs). Females, older-adolescents, with medical-problems, suspected-but-not-tested-for-COVID-19, and those with friends/family-infected with COVID-19 had significantly greater odds of different anxiety-levels. (4) Conclusions: One-in-five AYA had moderate to severe-anxiety during the COVID-19-pandemic. There were differences in anxiety-levels among AYAs by region and income-level, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions based on nationally-identified priorities.
(1) Background: Adolescents-and-young-adults (AYA) are prone to anxiety. This study assessed AYA's level of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic; and determined if anxiety levels were associated with country-income and region, socio-demographic profile and medical history of individuals. (2) Methods: A survey collected data from participants in 25 countries. Dependent-variables included general-anxiety level, and independent-variables included medical problems, COVID-19 infection, age, sex, education, and country-income-level and region. A multilevel-multinomial-logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between dependent, and independent-variables. (3) Results: Of the 6989 respondents, 2964 (42.4%) had normal-anxiety, and 2621 (37.5%), 900 (12.9%) and 504 (7.2%) had mild, moderate and severe-anxiety, respectively. Participants from the African region (AFR) had lower odds of mild, moderate and severe than normal-anxiety compared to those from the Eastern-Mediterranean-region (EMR). Also, participants from lower-middle-income-countries (LMICs) had higher odds of mild and moderate than normal-anxiety compared to those from low-income-countries (LICs). Females, older-adolescents, with medical-problems, suspected-but-not-tested-for-COVID-19, and those with friends/family-infected with COVID-19 had significantly greater odds of different anxiety-levels. (4) Conclusions: One-in-five AYA had moderate to severe-anxiety during the COVID-19-pandemic. There were differences in anxiety-levels among AYAs by region and income-level, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions based on nationally-identified priorities.
Entities:
Keywords:
COVID-19; adolescent and young adults; anxiety; country income level; socio-demographic
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