Manatee cognition in the wild: an exploration of the manatee mind and behavior through neuroanatomy, psychophysics, and field observations.

Cognition refers to the mechanisms for acquiring, processing, storing, and acting on information, all of which are critical to understanding the behavior of animals. These mechanisms are poorly known in manatees, especially how they are expressed in the wild. To expand our understanding of manatee cognition, we gathered information from behavioral experimentation in the laboratory, neuroanatomical research, controlled field studies, integrated laboratory and field measurement, and natural history observations (published reports, written surveys, and interviews with knowledgeable observers). Laboratory research, both neuroanatomical and behavioral, provided the most empirical data, primarily on sensory/perceptual capacities. Inferences from these data and narratives from surveys and interviews illuminated possibilities for higher order cognition. Evidence from field measurements was sparse, although substantial amounts of information have been collected from tracking data and to a lesser extent vessel impact studies, which can be used to infer cognitive attributes. Manatees are tactile-auditory specialists with complementary visual and chemosensory abilities. They demonstrate learning characteristics typical of vertebrates. Movement tracking data plus direct observations suggest that they have good spatial cognition, indicated by their ability to traverse complicated water networks and memory for foraging and warm water sites. They engage in a wide range of play-like, object manipulation, and mimetic behaviors, which suggests cognitive capacities beyond basic associative learning. Understanding manatee cognition beyond the laboratory will be necessary for conservation of manatees as they face challenges such as habitat degradation and threats from water-borne vessel traffic. There is a clear need for more direct research in natural settings.