Linda M Eklund1,2, Åsa Sköndal3, Ellen Tufvesson4, Rita Sjöström5, Lars Söderström6, Helen G Hanstock7, Thomas Sandström3, Nikolai Stenfors3. 1. Division of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. linda.eklund@umu.se. 2. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Östersund Hospital, Box 654, 831 27, Östersund, Sweden. linda.eklund@umu.se. 3. Division of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. 4. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 5. Unit of Research, Education and Development, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Östersund, Sweden. 6. Unit of Research, Education and Development, Östersund Hospital, Östersund, Sweden. 7. Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Exposure to cold air may harm the airways. It is unclear to what extent heavy exercise adds to the cold-induced effects on peripheral airways, airway epithelium, and systemic immunity among healthy individuals. We investigated acute effects of heavy exercise in sub-zero temperatures on the healthy airways. METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy individuals underwent whole body exposures to cold air in an environmental chamber at - 15 °C for 50 min on two occasions; a 35-min exercise protocol consisting of a 5-min warm-up followed by 2 × 15 min of running at 85% of VO2max vs. 50 min at rest. Lung function was measured by impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry before and immediately after exposures. CC16 in plasma and urine, and cytokines in plasma were measured before and 60 min after exposures. Symptoms were surveyed pre-, during and post-trials. RESULTS: FEV1 decreased after rest (- 0.10 ± 0.03 L, p < 0.001) and after exercise (- 0.06 ± 0.02 L, p = 0.012), with no difference between trials. Exercise in - 15 °C induced greater increases in lung reactance (X5; p = 0.023), plasma CC16 (p < 0.001) as well as plasma IL-8 (p < 0.001), compared to rest. Exercise induced more intense symptoms from the lower airways, whereas rest gave rise to more general symptoms. CONCLUSION: Heavy exercise during cold air exposure at - 15 °C induced signs of an airway constriction to a similar extent as rest in the same environment. However, biochemical signs of airway epithelial stress, cytokine responses, and symptoms from the lower airways were more pronounced after the exercise trial.
PURPOSE: Exposure to cold air may harm the airways. It is unclear to what extent heavy exercise adds to the cold-induced effects on peripheral airways, airway epithelium, and systemic immunity among healthy individuals. We investigated acute effects of heavy exercise in sub-zero temperatures on the healthy airways. METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy individuals underwent whole body exposures to cold air in an environmental chamber at - 15 °C for 50 min on two occasions; a 35-min exercise protocol consisting of a 5-min warm-up followed by 2 × 15 min of running at 85% of VO2max vs. 50 min at rest. Lung function was measured by impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry before and immediately after exposures. CC16 in plasma and urine, and cytokines in plasma were measured before and 60 min after exposures. Symptoms were surveyed pre-, during and post-trials. RESULTS: FEV1 decreased after rest (- 0.10 ± 0.03 L, p < 0.001) and after exercise (- 0.06 ± 0.02 L, p = 0.012), with no difference between trials. Exercise in - 15 °C induced greater increases in lung reactance (X5; p = 0.023), plasma CC16 (p < 0.001) as well as plasma IL-8 (p < 0.001), compared to rest. Exercise induced more intense symptoms from the lower airways, whereas rest gave rise to more general symptoms. CONCLUSION: Heavy exercise during cold air exposure at - 15 °C induced signs of an airway constriction to a similar extent as rest in the same environment. However, biochemical signs of airway epithelial stress, cytokine responses, and symptoms from the lower airways were more pronounced after the exercise trial.
Authors: A Analitis; K Katsouyanni; A Biggeri; M Baccini; B Forsberg; L Bisanti; U Kirchmayer; F Ballester; E Cadum; P G Goodman; A Hojs; J Sunyer; P Tiittanen; P Michelozzi Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2008-10-24 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: K H Carlsen; S D Anderson; L Bjermer; S Bonini; V Brusasco; W Canonica; J Cummiskey; L Delgado; S R Del Giacco; F Drobnic; T Haahtela; K Larsson; P Palange; T Popov; P van Cauwenberge Journal: Allergy Date: 2008-04 Impact factor: 13.146