Tamar R Makin1,2, Silvestro Micera3,4, Lee E Miller5,6,7,8. 1. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK. tamar.makin@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk. 2. MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. tamar.makin@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk. 3. Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neural Engineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. silvestro.micera@epfl.ch. 4. The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. silvestro.micera@epfl.ch. 5. Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. lm@northwestern.edu. 6. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. lm@northwestern.edu. 7. Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. lm@northwestern.edu. 8. Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA. lm@northwestern.edu.