Viktoriia Drushliak1, Marek Szafrański1. 1. Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614Poznań, Poland.
Abstract
CsPb2Br5 belongs to all inorganic perovskite-related quasi-two-dimensional materials that have attracted considerable attention due to their potential for optoelectronic applications. In this study, we solve numerous controversies on the physical properties of this material. We show that optical absorption in the visible spectrum and green photoluminescence are due to microcrystallites of the three-dimensional CsPbBr3 perovskite settled on the CsPb2Br5 plates and that carefully cleaned crystal plates are devoid of these features. The high-pressure structural and spectroscopic experiments, performed on the single crystals free of CsPbBr3 impurities, evidenced that the layered tetragonal structure of CsPb2Br5 is stable at least up to 6 GPa. The absorption edge is located in the ultraviolet at around 350 nm and continuously red shifts under pressure. Moderate band gap narrowing is well correlated to the pressure-induced changes in the crystal structure. Although the compressibility of CsPb2Br5 is much higher than for CsPbBr3, the response in optical properties is weaker because the Pb-Br layers responsible for the optical absorption are much less affected by hydrostatic pressure than those built of Cs+ cations. Our study clarifies the confusing data in the literature on the optical properties and thermodynamic stability of CsPb2Br5.
CsPb2Br5 belongs to all inorganic perovskite-related quasi-two-dimensional materials that have attracted considerable attention due to their potential for optoelectronic applications. In this study, we solve numerous controversies on the physical properties of this material. We show that optical absorption in the visible spectrum and green photoluminescence are due to microcrystallites of the three-dimensional CsPbBr3 perovskite settled on the CsPb2Br5 plates and that carefully cleaned crystal plates are devoid of these features. The high-pressure structural and spectroscopic experiments, performed on the single crystals free of CsPbBr3 impurities, evidenced that the layered tetragonal structure of CsPb2Br5 is stable at least up to 6 GPa. The absorption edge is located in the ultraviolet at around 350 nm and continuously red shifts under pressure. Moderate band gap narrowing is well correlated to the pressure-induced changes in the crystal structure. Although the compressibility of CsPb2Br5 is much higher than for CsPbBr3, the response in optical properties is weaker because the Pb-Br layers responsible for the optical absorption are much less affected by hydrostatic pressure than those built of Cs+ cations. Our study clarifies the confusing data in the literature on the optical properties and thermodynamic stability of CsPb2Br5.
In the recent decade,
organic–inorganic perovskite semiconductors
have attracted unprecedented attention from the scientific community.[1] This interest stems from their excellent photovoltaic
and optoelectronic properties combined with easy and low-cost fabrication.
However, the long-term stability problems in the operating environment
have not yet been solved. In this area, a very promising research
direction is connected with all-inorganic perovskites that exhibit
better resistance to atmospheric conditions, while their optoelectronic
parameters are comparable to those of their hybrid counterparts, as
was demonstrated for CsPbBr3.[2] Cesium lead bromide can crystallize in orange (three-dimensional,
3D) and white (one-dimensional, 1D) forms, but also with different
stoichiometries,[3] forming low-dimensional
structures: Cs4PbBr6, often termed a zero-dimensional
perovskite (0D), and CsPb2Br5, exhibiting a
two-dimensional architecture (2D). These low-dimensional perovskite-related
materials have gained remarkable interest because of strong photoluminescence
(PL) in the visible spectrum,[4,5] reported recently, which
opens prospects for applications in light-emitting diodes,[6] lasers,[7] and photodetectors.[8,9]Here, we present a systematic structural and optical spectroscopic
high-pressure study performed on pure single crystals of CsPb2Br5. In the tetragonal structure of CsPb2Br5, the bicapped trigonal prisms PbBr8 are
connected by faces into layers perpendicular to the c-axis. These Pb–Br layers are sandwiched between layers composed
of Cs+ cations.[10,11] The crystal structure
is shown in Figure . The quasi-2D character of the structure should result in a wider
band gap compared to that of the 3D orange form of CsPbBr3 for which the energy gap Eg = 2.34 eV[12] (λ = 530 nm). Indeed, in the original
work,[3] published by Wells in 1893, CsPb2Br5 is characterized as a white powder, indicating
an absorption edge in the ultraviolet region. Therefore, the location
of the absorption edge in the visible spectrum around 515–525
nm in numerous papers[5,6,8,13] is highly questionable because in that case
the crystal could not be colorless. Furthermore, theoretical calculations
of the electronic structure indicate that the energy gap in CsPb2Br5 is of indirect type,[5,10,14] and for that reason, strong PL should be
excluded. In fact, detailed studies of carefully prepared material
showed that pure CsPb2Br5 does not absorb light
in the visible region and is PL inactive.[10,14,15] The controversial strong green emission
was discussed by several groups, which indicated possible origins
of this emission, such as impurities of the orange phase of CsPbBr3 mixed with CsPb2Br5,[16] CsPbBr3 nanocrystals embedded in CsPb2Br5 microplates,[17] amorphous
lead bromide ammonium complexes present on the surface of the nanosheets,[18] or intrinsic crystal defects.[19] It appears that the methodology of CsPb2Br5 preparation is crucial in this respect because even a small
amount of CsPbBr3 admixture strongly affects the optical
properties of the material obtained. This is clearly seen in previously
published studies,[5,6,8,13] where on the basis of the standard powder
X-ray diffraction analysis the material is defined as “pure”,
while its absorption edge and PL properties are evidently dominated
by the presence of the orange form of CsPbBr3, and they
are dramatically different from those of the truly pure substance.[10,15] Although from the point of view of optoelectronic applications the
strongly light-emitting two-phase material is very attractive, the
physical properties determined for such material and their assignment
to the pure form lead to misleading information and errors of interpretation
of the data.
Figure 1
(a) Crystal structure of CsPb2Br5 with the
thickness of the Pb–Br and Cs layers marked by the arrows and
(b) the bicapped trigonal prism PbBr8 being the building
unit of the Pb–Br layers. The three different Pb–Br
distances and their values determined under ambient conditions are
marked with different colors.
(a) Crystal structure of CsPb2Br5 with the
thickness of the Pb–Br and Cs layers marked by the arrows and
(b) the bicapped trigonal prism PbBr8 being the building
unit of the Pb–Br layers. The three different Pb–Br
distances and their values determined under ambient conditions are
marked with different colors.In this study, we report the response of the CsPb2Br5 structure to hydrostatic pressure and the related
changes
in the optical properties of the crystal. Special emphasis was placed
on the synthesis and crystallization procedures. We show that our
results obtained for pure single crystals are completely different
from those published previously.[13]
Materials and Methods
Chemicals
Cesium carbonate (Aldrich,
99%), hydrobromic acid for analysis (Acros Organics, 48% solution
in water), and lead(II) acetate trihydrate (Aldrich, 99.999%) were
purchased and used without further purification. The water was purified
by double distillation.
Synthesis of CsPb2Br5
Cesium bromide and lead(II) bromide were obtained by reactions
of hydrobromic acid with cesium carbonate and lead(II) acetate trihydrate.
The stoichiometric amounts of CsBr and PbBr2 were dissolved
in hot water acidified with HBr. Slow cooling of the solution to room
temperature resulted in the crystallization of thin CsPb2Br5 plates. The precipitated crystals were filtrated,
washed with hexane, and dried. We also performed a series of crystallizations
to determine the optimal conditions for growing the good-quality pure
crystals. In these experiments, the amount of HBr acid in the solution
and/or the CsBr:PbBr2 ratio were modified.
Calorimetric and Thermogravimetric Analysis
The thermal stability of CsPb2Br5 was studied
by the thermogravimetric analysis method (TGA) using a TGA Q50 instrument
(TA Instruments) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with
a Q2000 calorimeter (TA Instruments). DSC experiments were performed
on as-grown crystals while TGA runs were measured on powdered samples,
both at a temperature change rate of 10 K min–1.
Single-Crystal High-Pressure X-ray Diffraction
A Merrill-Bassett diamond anvil cell (DAC)[20] equipped with diamond anvils (type Ia, 800 μm culets) supported
on steel discs with conical windows was used for single-crystal X-ray
diffraction (SCXRD) high-pressure experiments. The single crystal
of CsPb2Br5 and the ruby chip for pressure calibration
were glued to the culet of one anvil and placed into the spark-eroded
hole in the tungsten gasket (initial thickness 250 μm, hole
diameter 350–380 μm). The chamber was filled with isopropanol
as a pressure medium, ensuring hydrostatic conditions up to ∼4.2
GPa.[21] The pressure inside the DAC was
monitored by using the ruby fluorescence method,[22] before and after each measurement. The overall pressure
uncertainty was <0.03 GPa. All SCXRD measurements were performed
at room temperature by using an Oxford Diffraction Gemini A Ultra
diffractometer operating with graphite-monochromated Mo Kα radiation
(λ = 0.71073 Å). Data were collected and processed by using
CrysAlisPro software.[23] The structures
were solved and refined by using SHELX programs.[24] Crystallographic information files (CIFs) for CsPb2Br5 structures determined under different pressures
(2176587–2176600) have been deposited in the Inorganic Crystal Structure
Database.
Optical Measurements
For high-pressure
optical spectroscopic measurements, diamond anvils type IIa, supported
by tungsten carbide seats with conical windows, were used. The hydrostatic
liquid and other experimental details were the same as in the case
of diffraction experiments. The pressure dependence of the absorption
edge was measured on a 3.9 μm thick plate and on a nanosheet
of the average thickness 30 nm, which was grown in situ on the diamond
culet surface. The thickness of the nanosheet was determined with
the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, whereas an interference
method combined with optical microscopy was used to measure the thickness
of the microplates (see Figure S1). Absorption
and diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded by a Jasco MSV-5100
microscopic spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra were collected
from the small area of the crystals of 30 μm in diameter by
using a continuous speed of 200 nm min–1 and a spectral
bandwidth of 5 nm.PL spectra were measured with a homemade
attachment to the Jasco MSV-5100 spectrophotometer, where a xenon
lamp served as an excitation source in the spectral range 320–500
nm, and a Spectra Academy SV2100 spectrometer was applied for analysis
of the spectrum emitted by the sample. All spectroscopic measurements
were performed at room temperature.
Results and Discussion
Characterization of the Material
An overview of the papers published on CsPb2Br5 shows a large diversity of methods applied for the synthesis and
crystallization of this material.[3,5,6,10,14,16,25−28] Many of these studies were focused on the preparation of microcrystals
or nanocrystals by triggering off a sudden crystallization through
a hot injection method.[8,13,14,17,18,25] In such syntheses, the control of a single-phase
crystallization is limited, especially when the substrates can form
structures of different stoichiometries. For the purposes of this
work, we used the simplest method of crystallization from an aqueous
solution, which was already described by Wells in 1893[3] and has been successfully used recently.[11,15] The obtained crystals were colorless and of good optical quality
(Figure a). Their
layered tetragonal symmetry structure was confirmed by SCXRD measurements
(Figure ; for details,
see also Table S1). The space group symmetry I4/mcm and the lattice parameters a = b = 8.4931(1) Å and c = 15.1786(3) Å are consistent with the previously reported
data.[29] According to our DSC and TGA measurements,
this structure is stable at least between 95 and 625 K (see Figures S2 and S3). In particular, our study
did not confirm the thermal anomaly observed previously at 341.5 K.[30] The only DSC anomaly was detected at 625 K,
where the crystal melts.
Figure 2
Photographs of crystals taken from the solution:
(a) after washing
and drying (reflected light) and (b) after drying only, with visible
microcrystals of orange CsPbBr3 crystallized on the surface
plate (transmitted light). Absorption (c) and photoluminescence (d)
spectra of CsPb2Br5. The spectra recorded for
two different as-grown (unwashed) crystal plates are marked by A and
B, and the spectra of the cleaned plate are marked by C.
Photographs of crystals taken from the solution:
(a) after washing
and drying (reflected light) and (b) after drying only, with visible
microcrystals of orange CsPbBr3 crystallized on the surface
plate (transmitted light). Absorption (c) and photoluminescence (d)
spectra of CsPb2Br5. The spectra recorded for
two different as-grown (unwashed) crystal plates are marked by A and
B, and the spectra of the cleaned plate are marked by C.The purity of the crystals grown, and especially
the presence of
CsPbBr3 admixture, was monitored by the absorption spectroscopy
method. The orange form of CsPbBr3 exhibits strong absorption
below ca. 530 nm, and even trace amounts of this substance in the
studied material are clearly reflected in the absorption spectrum.
Therefore, this method is much more sensitive than the commonly used
powder X-ray diffraction. The crystallizations performed from the
water solutions, acidified with different amounts of HBr, showed that
all of the obtained and carefully cleaned crystals exhibit the same
optical properties; that is, they are colorless and transparent, their
absorption edge is located below 350 nm, and they are devoid of green
PL (see plots C in Figure c,d). This also concerns the crystals grown from the strongly
acidified solution, which crystallized together with the orange form
of CsPbBr3. The only visible difference was in the thickness
of the plates, which clearly increased with the amount of acid in
the solution. This is a result of the better solubility of the substrates
and their higher concentrations in the acidified solution. It is well-known
that the 3D CsPbBr3 perovskite crystallizes in water solution
only at a sufficiently high concentration of HBr; otherwise, CsPb2Br5 is formed,[3] regardless
of the 1:1 stoichiometry of CsBr:PbBr2 in the solution.
Our experiments confirmed that also in solutions containing an excess
of CsBr the crystals of CsPb2Br5 were obtained
in pure form. Thus, it is evident that CsPb2Br5 crystallizes without any inclusions of CsPbBr3, even
in solutions of disturbed stoichiometry. However, it should be noticed
that the crystals harvested from the solution have to be carefully
washed and dried to remove the remaining solution. Living these remains
on crystal plates leads to an increase in HBr concentration in the
droplets of the mother liquor due to water evaporation, and finally
it results in the precipitation of CsPbBr3 micro- and nanocrystallites
on the surface of CsPb2Br5 crystals (Figure b). Therefore, such
“unwashed” crystal plates absorb light in the visible
spectrum below 520–530 nm and exhibit strong green PL; that
is, they show typical characteristics of the orange form of CsPbBr3. This is illustrated in Figure c,d where the absorption and PL spectra of
two as-grown unwashed plates (A, B) and of the cleaned plate (C) are
shown. The intensity of PL is correlated to the absorbance of the
samples in the spectral range 350–550 nm, which clearly depends
on the amount of CsPbBr3 on the crystal surfaces. All our
further experiments were performed on pure CsPb2Br5 crystals.A review of data from the literature shows
that the optical spectrum
of CsPb2Br5 has been the subject of numerous
studies, but only very few experiments have been performed for noncontaminated
samples. In Figure we compare the spectrum measured by the diffuse reflectance method
with that obtained from the optical absorption measurements on the
30 nm thick sheet. The reflective spectrum is presented in the form
of a normalized Kubelka–Munk function,[31]F(R∞) = α/S = (1 – R∞)2/2R∞, where α is
the absorption coefficient, S is the scattering coefficient
of the powdered sample, and R∞ is
the diffuse reflectance of an infinitely thick layer. The two peaks
visible in this spectrum at 336 nm (3.69 eV) and 307 nm (4.04 eV)
are in excellent agreement with the earlier reflectance data.[11] However, a comparison with the conventional
absorption spectrum reveals essential differences, as the absorption
peaks are clearly blue shifted to 320 nm (3.87 eV) and 255 nm (4.86
eV), respectively. This discrepancy can indicate a substantial difference
between the bulk electronic states, responsible for the transient
absorbance, and the surface electronic states that contribute mainly
to the reflection. For comparison purposes, we also measured the diffuse
reflectance and absorption spectra of the 3D perovskite MAPbBr3. These spectra, plotted in Figure S4, show the same trend as in the case of CsPb2Br5. Therefore, it is evident that the energy gaps determined from the
absorption and reflectance data can differ considerably. It is worth
noting that the onset of 3D lead-halide perovskites absorption is
dominated by excitonic absorption,[32] and
it is also characteristic of 2D CsPb2Br5, for
which the excitonic band at 320 nm determines the absorption edge
of the crystal.
Figure 3
Normalized Kubelka–Munk function for powdered sample
(left Y-axis) and normalized absorbance for 30 nm
thick plate
(right Y-axis) as functions of energy.
Normalized Kubelka–Munk function for powdered sample
(left Y-axis) and normalized absorbance for 30 nm
thick plate
(right Y-axis) as functions of energy.
Pressure Dependence of Structural Parameters
of CsPb2Br5
The SCXRD data were collected
in the pressure range to 4.2 GPa. As shown in Figure , the hydrostatic compression of the crystal
results in a continuous shortening of the lattice parameters and a
decrease in the unit cell volume. The monotonic contraction of the
crystal, as well as the preservation of the space group symmetry I4/mcm in the whole studied pressure range,
testifies that this layered structure is highly stable not only in
a wide temperature range but also under pressure. The lack of structural
transformation is surprising in contrast to the recently published
high-pressure study of CsPb2Br5, where an isostructural
phase transition was postulated at 1.6 GPa,[13] associated with a stepwise change in the lattice parameters and
∼3% decrease in the unit-cell volume. However, it should be
noted that in this study the measurements by powder XRD were performed
by using silicon oil as a pressure medium, which is hydrostatic to
∼1 GPa only. In this case, the pressure dependence of the lattice
parameters can be strongly distorted by the nonhydrostatic conditions
of the experiments. For the sake of comparison, our V(p) data are plotted in Figure S5a together with those previously reported in ref (13). The most striking is
a deepening discrepancy between these two data sets as the pressure
increases. For example, at atmospheric pressure the unit-cell volume
determined from our single-crystal data (V = 1092
Å3) is very close to that measured by the powder diffraction
method in ref (13) (V = 1088 Å3), while under a pressure of
4 GPa the corresponding values strongly diverge (925 vs 965 Å3, respectively). Moreover, it is worth noting that the discontinuities
in the lattice parameters derived from the powder diffraction data
are in fact hardly correlated to the smooth changes in the presented
diffraction patterns,[13] and therefore the
reported phase transition seems to be highly questionable.
Figure 4
(a) Pressure
dependence of the lattice parameters and (b) unit
cell volume of CsPb2Br5. The lattice parameters
and unit cell volume were fitted with the third-order Birch–Murnaghan
EOS (solid lines). The inset in (b) shows the compressibility indicatrix
calculated by using PASCAL software.[35]
(a) Pressure
dependence of the lattice parameters and (b) unit
cell volume of CsPb2Br5. The lattice parameters
and unit cell volume were fitted with the third-order Birch–Murnaghan
EOS (solid lines). The inset in (b) shows the compressibility indicatrix
calculated by using PASCAL software.[35]The experimental V(p) data plotted
in Figure b were fitted
by the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state:[33]where V0 is the
volume of the reference unit cell at ambient pressure, B0 is the isothermal bulk modulus at ambient pressure,
and B0′ is the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus extrapolated
to p = 0. The fitting procedure performed by using
EosFit7-GUI program[34] allowed us to determine
the bulk modulus B0 = 11.5(3) GPa and
its derivative B0′ = 9.3(6) of CsPb2Br5. These parameters can be compared with those of CsPbBr3. For this purpose, the single-crystal V(p) data published recently for the orange form of CsPbBr3[12] were fitted by the third-order
Birch–Murnaghan equation (see Figure S5b) with B0 = 15.0(8) GPa and B0′ =
6.0(18). Because B0 and B0′ are
correlated,[36] a comparison of these parameters
for CsPb2Br5 and CsPbBr3 was made
by plotting B0′ versus B0, together with their confidence ellipses, as illustrated in Figure S8. This plot shows that the confidence
ellipses do not overlap even at the 99.7% confidence level, and therefore
we conclude that the 3D perovskite CsPbBr3 is less compressible
than the layered CsPb2Br5. The inset in Figure b shows that the
compressibility of CsPb2Br5 is strongly anisotropic,
much higher along the c direction perpendicular to
the layers than in the a–b plane. It should
be noted that this anisotropy varies with increasing pressure, as
indicated by the nonlinear decrease in the c/a ratio (see the inset plot in Figure a). The linear compressibility coefficients
calculated at zero pressure β =
14.3(8) TPa–1 and β = 61(3) TPa–1 were used to determine independently
the bulk modulus B0 = 11.2(6) GPa. This
value is in very good accordance with that derived from the fitting
of the unit-cell volume. The low value of B0 shows that CsPb2Br5 is relatively soft as
for all-inorganic material. However, this is also characteristic for
3D organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites:[37,38] for example, for CH3NH3SnI3, B0 = 12.6(7) GPa; for HC(NH2)2SnI3, B0 = 8.0(7) GPa;
and for HC(NH2)2PbI3, B0 = 11.0(2) GPa. The other important issue is the high
value of B0′, which typically is close to 4 while
for CsPb2Br5 it is raised to 9.3(6). This high
value is justified by the layered character of the structure as similar
values were reported; for example, for graphite-like BC, B0′ =
8.0(6),[39] and for layered GeSe2, B0′ = 9.1(22).[40]In the
structure of CsPb2Br5 the layers built
of the face-connected bicapped trigonal prisms PbBr8 are
more resistant to external hydrostatic pressure than the layers composed
of Cs+ cations. This is apparent in Figure a, where the changes in the thickness of
both layers are plotted as a function of pressure. In the Pb–Br
layers, Pb2+ is coordinated by eight Br– that form a polyhedron with three different Pb–Br distances
(see Figure ). At
atmospheric pressure, these distances are strongly differentiated
taking the values 3.374 Å (4×), 3.151 Å (2×),
and 2.888 Å (2×). Similarly, their pressure dependences
are also diversified. As shown in Figure b, with increasing pressure, the six longest
Pb–Br bonds contract, while the two shortest bonds slightly
elongate.
Figure 5
Pressure dependence of structural parameters in the compressed
single crystal of CsPb2Br5: (a) the thickness
of the Pb–Br and Cs layers, (b) the Pb–Br distances,
and (c) the selected Br–Pb–Br angles; layers and Pb–Br
distances are defined in Figure .
Pressure dependence of structural parameters in the compressed
single crystal of CsPb2Br5: (a) the thickness
of the Pb–Br and Cs layers, (b) the Pb–Br distances,
and (c) the selected Br–Pb–Br angles; layers and Pb–Br
distances are defined in Figure .
Absorption Edge and Energy Gap of Compressed
CsPb2Br5
The absorption spectra of
CsPb2Br5 were measured under pressure on a single-crystal
microplate and on a nanosheet during compression cycles. The selected
spectra are plotted in Figure . As can be seen, for the 3.9 μm thick plate only the
absorption edge is accessible, while the nanosheet spectrum is structured
with a well-shaped excitonic band at 320–330 nm. The absorption
onset is gradually red shifted with increasing pressure. To determine
the energy gap, the absorption edges were converted to Tauc plots[41] (see Figure S6) by
plotting (αhν)2 versus photon
energy hν, where α is the absorption
coefficient of the material. The values of Eg thus obtained are plotted as a function of pressure in Figure a. It is evident
that the band gap of CsPb2Br5 decreases monotonically
with increasing pressure, without any anomalies that could be attributed
to phase transitions. The Eg(p) dependence is linear in the pressure range to about 4 GPa, whereas
under higher pressures, beyond the hydrostatic limit of isopropanol,
some nonlinearity occurs. It is not clear whether this is an intrinsic
feature of the crystal or the result of nonhydrostatic conditions,
which can substantially affect the properties of materials.[42,43] The character of pressure-induced changes is the same regardless
of the thickness of the samples, and the only difference is that for
the thicker plate the obtained value of Eg is markedly lower, but such a relation can be expected for samples
of substantially different thickness, as can be deduced from the plots
in Figure S7.
Figure 6
Selected absorption spectra
of CsPb2Br5 recorded
under different pressures: (a) for the 3.9 μm thick microplate
and (b) for the 30 nm thick nanosheet. The inset shows the crystal
in the DAC.
Figure 7
(a) Pressure-induced red shift of the band gap of CsPb2Br5 determined for two samples of different thickness
in this work. (b) Comparison of the data reported in the literature
for CsPb2Br5[13] with
the results published for 3D CsPbBr3.[12]
Selected absorption spectra
of CsPb2Br5 recorded
under different pressures: (a) for the 3.9 μm thick microplate
and (b) for the 30 nm thick nanosheet. The inset shows the crystal
in the DAC.(a) Pressure-induced red shift of the band gap of CsPb2Br5 determined for two samples of different thickness
in this work. (b) Comparison of the data reported in the literature
for CsPb2Br5[13] with
the results published for 3D CsPbBr3.[12]In the studied pressure range of 6 GPa, the overall
band gap reduction
is about 0.1 eV. This relatively moderate change in Eg well correlates with the subtle changes in the thickness
of the compressed Pb–Br layers (Figure a). The calculations of the electronic band
structure indicate that the band gap in CsPb2Br5 has an indirect character, but the direct gap is only slightly larger.[7] The top valence bands are composed mainly of
the Br–4p, Pb–6p and Pb–6s orbitals, while the
Pb–6p and Br–4p orbitals dominantly contribute to the
lowest conduction bands. The orbitals of Cs+ cations do
not contribute to the electronic states responsible for the absorption
edge, and therefore the largest pressure effect, visible in Figure a as a remarkable
narrowing of the Cs+ layers, does not have a direct translation
into the optical properties of the crystal. Thus, the band gap of
CsPb2Br5 is mainly determined by the structure
of Pb–Br layers and its modification under pressure. As shown
in Figure b (see also Figure b), crystal compression
results in contraction of the six longest Pb–Br distances,
while the two shortest bonds slightly elongate. The shortening of
Pb–Br bonds enhances the overlap of the atomic orbitals, leading
to an upward shift of the maximum valence band and, as a consequence,
to a red shift of the band gap. The opposite and therefore competitive
effect comes from the Br–Pb–Br angles bending.[44] The relatively small changes observed in the
angles (Figure c)
indicate that the contraction of the Pb–Br bonds has a dominant
influence on the modification of the electronic states responsible
for the absorption edge.In discussing the pressure dependence
of Eg, we have to refer to the data reported
by Ma et al.,[13] which are plotted for comparison
in Figure b. It is
obvious
that our results are in stark contrast to those obtained by Ma et
al. This applies to the pressure-induced changes in the band gap as
well as to its value, which is even more important. To explain these
discrepancies, we plotted in Figure b our recently published Eg(p) results measured for 3D CsPbBr3.[12] The correlation between these data and the results
presented by Ma et al. is evident. Therefore, we conclude that they
studied, in fact, the pressure dependence of the CsPbBr3 band gap instead of CsPb2Br5. Most probably,
their samples were strongly contaminated with CsPbBr3,
and their interpretation of the results seems to be even more puzzling
when considering that the same group of authors had previously published
two articles on the optical properties of CsPbBr3 under
pressure.[45,46]
Conclusions
This study confirms that
green photoluminescence and absorption
in the visible spectrum are not intrinsic features of CsPb2Br5 but originate from CsPbBr3 impurities.
The microcrystallites of the orange CsPbBr3 do not form
inclusions embedded in the crystal plates of CsPb2Br5 but precipitate on their surfaces. Therefore, we suppose
that the majority of the literature data were in fact collected for
the CsPb2Br5:CsPbBr3 composites instead
of CsPb2Br5. We show also that the commonly
used diffuse reflectance method for the absorption edge and band gap
determination gives optical parameters that are remarkably different
from those obtained from the optical absorption measurements. This
discrepancy indicates that the energies of the surface and bulk electronic
states of CsPb2Br5 differ significantly, which
may also be characteristic for other similar materials.Pressure
was applied as a clean and effective tool to modify the
distances between the atoms and bond angles and thus the related electronic
structure of CsPb2Br5. Although the compressibility
of this 2D perovskite-like material is larger than that of 3D CsPbBr3, the pressure-induced changes in the optical parameters are
smaller. The layered architecture of CsPb2Br5 is reflected in a strongly anisotropic response to hydrostatic compression.
The crystal shrinks much weaker in the a–b plane, i.e., parallel to the layers, than in perpendicular c direction. Furthermore, external mechanical stress affects
the layers built of Cs+ cations much more than the Pb–Br
frameworks. The moderate changes within the Pb–Br layers translate
into the moderate monotonic narrowing of the band gap with increasing
pressure. Moreover, our study performed on the genuinely pure crystals
has shown that the tetragonal structure of CsPb2Br5 is stable in a wide temperature range, at least between 90
and 625 K, and the crystal does not undergo any structural transformation
in the pressure range up to 6 GPa. These results shed new light on
the physical properties of CsPb2Br5 and show
the interpretative pitfalls associated with the experiments performed
carelessly.
Authors: Lingping Kong; Gang Liu; Jue Gong; Qingyang Hu; Richard D Schaller; Przemyslaw Dera; Dongzhou Zhang; Zhenxian Liu; Wenge Yang; Kai Zhu; Yuzhao Tang; Chuanyi Wang; Su-Huai Wei; Tao Xu; Ho-Kwang Mao Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2016-07-21 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Ibrahim Dursun; Michele De Bastiani; Bekir Turedi; Badriah Alamer; Aleksander Shkurenko; Jun Yin; Ahmed M El-Zohry; Issam Gereige; Ahmed AlSaggaf; Omar F Mohammed; Mohamed Eddaoudi; Osman M Bakr Journal: ChemSusChem Date: 2017-08-30 Impact factor: 8.928
Authors: Olga Nazarenko; Martin Robert Kotyrba; Michael Wörle; Eduardo Cuervo-Reyes; Sergii Yakunin; Maksym V Kovalenko Journal: Inorg Chem Date: 2017-09-12 Impact factor: 5.165