Ramin Aslaminabad1, Negin Rahimianshahreza2, Seyed Amirhossein Hosseini3, Güliz Armagan4, Ahmad Kashif Khan5, Gülüzar Özbolat6, Omar Saad Ahmed7, Amir Mardi Azar8, Ali Adili9,10, Taner Dağcı11, Sibel Konyalıoğlu4, Ali Mert Özgönül12. 1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. aslaminabad.ramin@gmail.com. 2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 3. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 4. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. 5. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. 6. Faculty of Health Science, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey. 7. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq. 8. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 9. Senior Adult Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. 10. Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 11. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. 12. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. a.mert.ozgonul@ege.edu.tr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: HCC is among the most common cancer. Ganoderma lucidum (G.lucidum) has been essential in preventing and treating cancer. The Nrf2 signaling cascade is a cell protective mechanism against further damage, such as cancer development. This signaling pathway upregulates the cytoprotective genes and is vital in eliminating xenobiotics and reactive oxygen. This study aimed to show the potential cytotoxic activity of G. lucidum aqueous extract in HCC. METHODS AND RESULTS: MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. Nrf2-related proteins were measured by western blotting, and the flow cytometry method assayed cell population in different cycle phases. Cell viability was 49% and 47% following G. lucidum extract at 100 µg/ml at 24 and 48 h treatments, respectively. G. lucidum extract (aqueous, 100 or 50 µg/ml) treatments for 24, 48, or 72 h were able to significantly change the cytoplasmic/nuclear amount of Nrf2 and HO-1, NQO1 protein levels. Moreover, at both concentrations, arrest of the G0/G1 cell cycle was stimulated in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: The activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathways seems to be among the mechanisms underlining the protective and therapeutic action of G. lucidum against HCC.
BACKGROUND: HCC is among the most common cancer. Ganoderma lucidum (G.lucidum) has been essential in preventing and treating cancer. The Nrf2 signaling cascade is a cell protective mechanism against further damage, such as cancer development. This signaling pathway upregulates the cytoprotective genes and is vital in eliminating xenobiotics and reactive oxygen. This study aimed to show the potential cytotoxic activity of G. lucidum aqueous extract in HCC. METHODS AND RESULTS: MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. Nrf2-related proteins were measured by western blotting, and the flow cytometry method assayed cell population in different cycle phases. Cell viability was 49% and 47% following G. lucidum extract at 100 µg/ml at 24 and 48 h treatments, respectively. G. lucidum extract (aqueous, 100 or 50 µg/ml) treatments for 24, 48, or 72 h were able to significantly change the cytoplasmic/nuclear amount of Nrf2 and HO-1, NQO1 protein levels. Moreover, at both concentrations, arrest of the G0/G1 cell cycle was stimulated in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: The activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathways seems to be among the mechanisms underlining the protective and therapeutic action of G. lucidum against HCC.
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