Depression and associated factors among older adults in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: Cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is the most common psychiatric condition among older adults, and it goes unnoticed by individuals themselves and is under-diagnosed by clinicians due to the misconception that these are normal parts of aging. However, the problem is not properly addressed in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression among the older adults in Bahir Dar city.
METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 423 older adults in Bahir Dar city. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Depression was assessed using a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the potential determinants of depression among the participants.
RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among older adults was found to be 57.9% (95% CI: 53.2-62.6). This study showed that educational status with grades 5-8th (AOR: 5.72, 95% CI: 2.87-11.34), and 9-12th grade (AOR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.59-7.41), income <2004 ETB (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.16-3.07), cognitive impairments (AOR: 3.54, 95% CI: 2.16-5.81), family history of mental illness (AOR:3.06, 95% CI: 1.03-9.04), and poor quality of life (AOR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.74-4.46) were significantly associated with depression.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression among older adults was found to be huge. Having low educational status, low monthly income, cognitive impairments, family history of mental illness, and poor quality of life were associated with depression. Therefore, raising community awareness of mental health, increasing social participation, providing supportive counseling and routine screening of depressive symptoms are essential in combating depression among Bahir-Dar city older adults.

Introduction

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), depression is a common psychiatric condition usually characterized by sadness, lack of interest, guilt or low self-esteem, disturbed sleep or food, exhaustion, and poor attention for at least two weeks [1]. Depression is the most frequent mental health disorder in the world, and it is a serious public health concern because it affects so many people including older adults [2, 3]. It has a prevalence rate of 10 to 55% [4].

Depression in older adults often goes untreated because people typically think that it is a normal component of the aging process and a natural reaction to chronic diseases, loss, and social conversion [2]. Depressive disorders afflict 10 to 20% of older individuals globally, affecting over 300 million people in 2015 as reported by WHO [5]. In addition to that, the aging population is on the rise in many countries of the world. By 2050, it is anticipated that 80% of the world older adults would live in low and middle-income nations, with the number of individuals aged 60 and above reaching 390 million [6]. When compared to their younger counterparts, older persons are more likely to face significant challenges in terms of financial loss, reliance on others, social deprivation, loss of self-worth, and functional limitations. They also have physical and mental health issues [7].

According to numerous studies showed, the prevalence of depression in older adults (aged 60 and above) in Chitradurga was 60% [8], while in Womberma District, Ethiopia, it was 45%. [9] South Africa 40% [10], North Indians 9.5% [11], Vietnam 6.9% [12], Egypt 44.4% [13], Malaysia systematic 16.5% [3], Singapore [14] 13.4%, Ethiopia (Harer) 28.5% [15], Ambo 41.8%, Chinese tertiary hospital 32.8% [16], Tanzania 21.2% [17], Greece 58.5% [18], systematic review conducted in Asian countries 38.6% [19] and Thailand 18.5% [20]. Suicide risk is higher among older adults when they are depressed. Suicide is the most common complication of depression, killing an estimated one million individuals each year [5]. The usage of health services by older adults increases as a result of depression, putting additional strain on the already overburdened healthcare system.

Genetic susceptibility, chronic disease and disability, pain, frustration with limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), personality traits (dependent, anxious, or avoidant), and adverse life events (separation, divorce, bereavement, poverty, social isolation) are all factors that increase depression risk in older adults, according to the WHO [7]. Also, many studies have shown a link between depression and various risk factors such as being a woman, living in a city, insomnia, older adults who are dependent on others, life stressors, lack of a spouse, lack of formal education, lower income, substance abuse, stressful life events, poor social support, more disability, lower life satisfaction, cognitive decline, employment status, and medical comorbidities [9–11, 13, 15, 16, 20–22].

Understanding the epidemiology of depression in older persons is crucial to lessen the harmful impact of depression on daily functioning and quality of life (QOL) [5]. Depression is largely ignored in healthcare strategy and planning in most underdeveloped nations, and mental health services receive only a small amount of funding [19]. In primary care settings, it is both underdiagnosed and undertreated. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the burden of depression among the older adults in Ethiopia has not been adequately investigated, particularly among those living in Bahir Dar city. This gap may contribute to poor or inconsistent mental health care at the community level. As a result, this research was carried out to estimate the prevalence of depression in the older adults and to investigate the epidemiological factors that contribute to it.

Method and materials

Study design, study area and period

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Bahir Dar city administration, which is located 565 km from Addis Ababa in North West of Ethiopia; the capital of Amhara regional state from June 1 to 30, 2020. According to the 2016–17 city administration report, the total population of Bahir Dar city administration is 266, 952; 124,396 males and 142,555 females. The city has nine sub-cities with 66,628 households. Among these, the age group of 60 years and above is estimated to be 11,034 (5003 male, and 6031 females). Those older adults are Shimbit (1670), Tana (1043), Fasilo (1200), Sefene selam (287), Gishabay (522), Shum ambo (417), Belay Zeleke (1591), and Ginbot-20 (4304). The health care service is provided by two specialized hospitals, one specialized and four primary private hospitals. There are also eleven health centers in Bahir Dar city administration. Information is taken from Bahir Dar city municipality.

Study population, inclusion, and exclusion criteria

All individuals older adults in the city aged 60 and above and residents of the city for at least six months were included, while older adults people who were severely ill, unable to communicate, and older adults with education below fifth grade were excluded from the study.

Sample size determination and sampling technique

The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula with the assumption of a prevalence (P) of depression of 47.5% from a previous study [23] with a confidence limit of 5%. As a result, n = 384, with no requirement for a correction factor because the population size is more than ten thousand. The ultimate sample size was 423 after adding a 10% non-response rate. The Bahir Dar city administration urban division has nine sub-cities, one of which (Hidar 11) was excluded from the report due to insufficient data. Based on the population size, the final sample size was distributed proportionally to eight sub-cities. Participants included Shimbit (64), Tana (40), Fasilo (46), Sefene Selam (11), Gish Abay (20), Shum Abbo (16), Belay Zeleke (61), and Gimbot Haya (165). The sample frame (households with respective old ages) was obtained from health extension workers, and each household was then randomly selected using the lottery method. If more than one member fulfilled the criteria in one household one was selected using the lottery method. If no participants in the selected household fulfilled the criteria the next household was selected.

Operational definition

Older adults

Are those aged is 60 and above [24].

Neurocognitive impairment

The MMSE score of ≤ 22 for those who attended less than eighth grade, ≤ 24 for those who attended grade nine to twelve, and ≤ 26 for those college/university graduates out of a total score of 30 [25].

Quality of life

Using WHOQOL-BREF 26-item index; a higher score denotes a higher quality of life [26].

The multidimensional scale of perceived social support scale

Any mean scale score ranging from 1 to 2.9 is considered as low, 3 to 5 moderate social support, and 5.1 to 7 as high social support [27].

Activities

Using Katz’s indicator of daily life independence, a total score of six shows independence, four suggests moderate independence, and two or less implies dependence [28].

Nutritional status

was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment with the score ranged from 0–14 interpreted as (0–7) as malnourished, (8–11) at risk for malnutrition, and (12–14) as normal nutritional status [29].

Current substance use

Within the last three months, you have used at least one of a certain substance for non-medical purposes (alcohol, khat, tobacco, others) [30].

Ever use of a substance

Using at least one of any specific substances for a non-medical purpose at least once in a lifetime (alcohol, khat, tobacco, others [30].

Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST)

An overall total score of 3 indicates hazardous alcohol consumption [31].

Income

Using the World Bank poverty line cut point those who have an average monthly income of less than 2004 ETB (1.9 USD/day) taking 1$ = 35.16 ETB were taken as low income [32].

Data collection tool

A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the sociodemographic factors, clinical related factors, behavioral and psychosocial factors. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) item was used to determine whether elderly people had depression or not. GDS-15 has undergone rigorous testing and validation in low- and middle-income countries including India and Nepal [33, 34].

The Royal College of Physicians, the British Geriatric Society, and the Royal College of General Practitioners all recommended this geriatric depression scale for screening depression in older adults [35]. A cutoff value of more than or equal to five was used to define depression [36]. The internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) of GDS-15 in this study was 0.86. Cognition status using standardized mini-mental state examination (MMSE) with a cut-off point as follows, no cognitive impairment (24–30), mild cognitive impairment (18–23), severe cognitive impairment (0–17) (39). It has been validated in Ethiopia for those with a formal education grade of fifth or higher, with different cut-off points depending on their level of education [25]. The specificity and sensitivity of MMSE were 77.8% and 78.7% respectively [37]. WHOQOL-BREF was used to assess the quality of life. It has four domains; physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. It has internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > = 0.7) and has been translated into nine languages [26]. The six-question mini-nutritional assessment short form has been validated in Ethiopia. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.65, with 80.1 percent sensitivity and 72.5 percent specificity (54). Katz’s index of daily life independence consists of six questions, each worth one point. Cronbach’s alpha was found to be 0.83, with strong test-retest and inter-rater reliability [38]. History of mental illness presence of chronic medical illness, and substance-related factors were assessed with yes/no questions, but alcohol drinking was assessed by using FAST.

Data collection procedure

Data was collected through face-to-face interviews by trained data collectors. The data were collected from study participants by face-to-face interviews from house to house. The questionnaire was prepared in English and then translated into the local language (which is Amharic) by a language translator and translated back to English to ensure its understandability and consistency before the actual data collection. The training was given for the supervisor and data collectors by the principal investigator for two days duration on the methods of data collection and the detail of the questionnaire. Data were collected by four psychiatric nurses who currently work in health centers and was supervised by Masters of Sciences degree holder in mental health. A pretest was conducted on 21(5%) to check the understandability of the questionnaires. The collected data were reviewed and checked for completeness before data entry.

Data analysis

The completed questionnaire was manually checked for completeness. Data were coded and entered into Epi data version 4.6 and, then exported to SPSS- 26 version for analysis. Descriptive and summary statistics were used to explain the population concerning the relevant variables. The bivariate logistic analysis was done to determine the association between the outcome and explanatory variables. Variables with p less than 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to control for possible confounding effects and to determine the presence of a statistically significant association between independent variables and outcome variables. The model of fitness was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant and the strength of the association was presented by an odds ratio of 95% C.I.

Ethical consideration

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Bahir Dar University. Study participants were informed about the procedure, the significance of the study, risks, and benefits associated with the study. Written Informed consent was obtained from participants who participated in the study. Each respondent was informed about the objective of the study and all data obtained from them was kept confidential by using code instead of any personal identifier which was used only for the study. The information was not disseminated without the respondent’s permission. The information provided by the participants was exclusively utilized for the study. Those older adults who reported depression were immediately referred to mental health facilities for further evaluation and management.

Results

Socio-demographic characteristics of participants

A total of 423 older adult individuals participated in this study (100% of response rate). The mean age (SD) of the participants was 66.01(±5.88), 58.9% were males. The majority of the participants 52.2% had a spouse. Almost two-thirds of the participants 66.6% were Orthodox Christian followers and the majority 86.3% were Amhara in their ethnicity. Regarding educational level, 61.5% were from grade five to eight. Around one-third, 36.6% were housewives followed by retired 27.0%. From the participants, 62.9% participants reported that their average monthly income was ≥2004 ETB, and 63.6% were living with their family (Table 1).

Table 1

Socio-demographic characteristics of older adults in Bahir Dar city administration, northwest, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 423).

Variables	Categories	Frequency(n = 423)	Percent (%)
Age in years	60–64	191	45.1
	65–69	127	30.0
	70–74	69	16.3
	75–79	18	4.3
	80 and above	18	4.3
Sex	Female	174	41.1
	Male	249	58.9
Marital status	Has spouse	221	52.2
	No spouse	202	47.8
Religion	Orthodox	282	66.6
	Muslim	117	27.7
	Protestant	16	3.80
	Catholic	8	1.90
Ethnicity	Amhara	365	86.3
	Oromo	14	3.3
	Tigre	27	6.4
	Gurage	17	4
Educational status	5-8th grade	260	61.5
	9-12th grade	99	23.4
	College and above	64	15.1
Occupational status	Governmental employee	17	4.0
	Merchant	105	24.8
	Housewife	155	36.6
	Retired	114	27.0
	Others*	32	7.6
Monthly income	<2004ETB	157	37.1
	≥2004 ETB	266	62.9
Current living condition	Alone	92	21.7
	Relative	62	14.7
	Family	269	63.6

Key: * Farmer, Jobless.

Clinical and substance-related factors of the participants

According to this study finding, 42.1% of respondents had neurocognitive impairment. More than half, 51.1% of participants had a comorbid medical illness, such as hypertension 30.7%, HIV/AIDS 6.1%, cardiac 5.9%, diabetes 18%, and others 2.6%. Of the participants, 46.8% currently used medication and 8.0% had reported a family history of mental illness. Among the respondent, 11.8% of the respondents had a history of head trauma and 53.4% were normal nutritional status (Table 2).

Table 2

Clinical characteristics of older adults people in Bahir Dar city administration, northwest, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 423).

Variables	Categories	Frequency(n = 423)	Percent (%)
Cognitive impairments	Yes	178	42.1
	No	245	57.9
History of chronic medical illness	Yes	216	51.1
	No	207	48.9
Hypertension	Yes	130	30.7
	No	87	20.6
HIV/AIDS	Yes	26	6.1
	No	192	45.4
Cardiac	Yes	25	5.9
	No	192	45.4
Diabetes	Yes	76	18.0
	No	141	33.3
Others*	Yes	11	2.6
	No	207	48.9
Medication currently in use	Yes	198	46.8
	No	225	53.2
Family history of mental illness	Yes	34	8.0
	No	389	92.0
History of head trauma	Yes	50	11.8
	No	373	88.2
Nutritional status	Malnourished	32	7.6
	Risk	165	39
	Normal	226	53.4

Others*: Epilepsy.

Regarding the use of the substance, about 9.7% of them were hazardous alcohol users. Of the participants, 8% and 2.4% were using khat and cigarettes within the past three months respectively (Fig 1).

Fig 1

Ever and current substance use among older adults people in Bahir Dar city administration, northwest, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 423).

Psychosocial characteristics of respondents

Regarding the psychosocial factors of respondents around 47.5% of them had poor quality of life. From the participant, 13.0%, 13.2%, and 13.5% had low family social support, low friend social support, and low other social support respectively (Table 3).

Table 3

Psychosocial characteristics of older adults people in Bahir Dar city administration, northwest, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 423).

Variables	Categories	Frequency(n = 423)	Percent (%)
The activity of daily living	Dependent	9	2.1
	Moderate	14	3.3
	Independent	400	94.6
Quality of life	Poor quality	201	47.5
	Good quality	222	52.5
Family social support	Low support	55	13.0
	Moderate support	136	32.2
	High support	232	54.8
Friend social support	Low support	56	13.2
	Moderate support	213	50.4
	High support	154	36.4
Significant other social support	Low support	57	13.5
	Moderate support	150	35.5
	High support	216	51.1

Prevalence of depression and associated factors among older adults people

In this study, the overall prevalence of depression among older adults people in Bahir Dar city was 57.9% (95% CI: 53.2,62.6) (Fig 2).

Fig 2

Prevalence of depression in older adults people in Bahir Dar city administration, northwest, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 423).

Factors such as marital status, educational status, occupational status, monthly income, current living condition, cognitive impairment, history of chronic medical illness, medication currently in use, family history of mental illness, and quality of life were significantly correlated (P < 0.25) in bi-variable analysis. Among these, variables such as educational status, income, cognitive impairment, family history of mental illness, and poor quality of life were significantly associated with depression in multivariable analysis.

Older adults whose educational status was grades 5-8th were nearly six times (AOR: 5.72, 95% CI: 2.87–11.34), and 9-12th grade were 3.44 times (AOR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.59–7.41) more likely to develop depression compared to college and above. Older adults with a monthly income of <2004 ETB were nearly 2 times more likely to have depression as compared to participants with an income of <2004 ETB (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.16–3.07). Older adults who had cognitive impairments were 3.54 times more likely to develop depression compared with their counterparts (AOR: 3.54, 95% CI: 2.16–5.81), and, who had a family history of mental illness were also three times more likely to have depression compared to those who had no family history of mental illness (AOR:3.06, 95% CI: 1.03–9.04). Finally, older adults with poor quality of life were 2.78 times more likely to develop depression compared to good quality of life (AOR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.74–4.46) (Table 4).

Table 4

Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis results of depression in Bahir Dar city administration, northwest, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 423).

Variables	Category	Depression		COR(95%C.I)	AOR(95%C.I)	P-values
		Yes(n)	No(n)
Marital status	No spouse	145(71.8%)	57(28.2%)	3.08(2.05,4.62)	1.49(0.92,2.44)	0.108
	Has spouse	100(45.2%)	121(54.8%)	1	1
Educational status	5-8th grade	176(67.7%)	84(32.3%)	5.79(3.14,10.69)	5.72(2.87,11.34)	<0.001 *
	9-12th grade	52(52.5%)	47(47.5%)	3.06(1.55,6.04)	3.44(1.59,7.41)	0.002 *
	College and above	17(26.6%)	47(73.4%)	1	1
Occupational status	Government employee	6(35.3%)	11(64.7%)	1	1
	Merchant	52(49.5%)	53(50.5%)	1.79 (0.62, 5.22)	0.96(0.25,3.66)	0.949
	Housewife	100(64.5%)	55(35.5%)	3.333(1.170,9.50)	1.33(0.35,5.04)	0.669
	Retired	61(53.5%)	53(46.5%)	2.11(0.73, 6.09)	1.41(0.37,5.28)	0.612
	Others**	26(81.3%)	6(18.8%)	7.94(2.09, 30.13)	1.71(0.34,8.63)	0.516
Monthly income	<2004ETB	112(71.3%)	45(28.7%)	2.49(1.63,3.79)	1.89(1.16,3.07)	0.01 *
	≥2004 ETB	133(50.0%)	133(50.0%)	1	1
Current living condition	Alone	65(70.7%)	27(29.3%)	2.22(1.33, 3.69)	0.83(0.39,1.75)	0.634
	Relative	40(64.5%)	22(35.5%)	1.67(0.94, 2.97)	0.46(0.21,1.03)	0.061
	Family	140(52.0%)	129(48.0%)	1	1
Cognitive impairment	Yes	140(78.7%)	38(21.3%)	4.91(3.16,7.62)	3.54(2.16,5.81)	<0.001 *
	No	105(42.9%)	140(57.1%)	1	1
History of chronic medical illness	Yes	139(64.4%)	77(35.6%)	1.72(1.16,2.54)	1.17(0.74,1.86)	0.492
	No	106(51.2%)	101(48.8%)	1	1
Medication currently in use	Yes	130(65.7%)	68(34.3%)	1.83(1.23,2.71)	1.04(0.36,3.02)	0.943
	No	115(51.1%)	115(51.1%)	1	1
Family history of mental illness	Yes	29(85.3%)	5(14.7%)	4.64(1.76,12.25)	3.06(1.03,9.04)	0.043 *
	No	216(55.5%)	173(44.5%)	1	1
Quality of life	Poor quality	153(76.1%)	48(23.9%)	4.50(2.96,6.85)	2.78(1.74,4.46)	<0.001 *
	Good quality	92(41.4%)	130(58.6%)	1	1

*Statistically significant at P-value < 0.05, COR, Crude odds Ratio, AOR, Adjusted odds Ratio, 1 = reference category, Chi square = 8, Hosmer Lemeshow goodness-of-fit 0.42, degrees of freedom = 8 and,

** Farmer, Jobless.

Discussion

The high prevalence of depression in this study 57.9% [95% CI: 53.2% − 62.6%], may be the indicative of a high burden due to depression among older adults in the community. The finding was congruent with that of a community-based cross-sectional study done in Chitradurga, India (60%) [8], Heraklion, Greece (58.5%) [18], Portugal (61.4%) [39], and India (53.75%) [40]. This result was lower than those found in studies in Greece (84.3%) [41], Vietnam (66.9%) [12], urban, India (75.5%) [42], and Beni Suef, Egypt (89.7%) [43]. This disparity in prevalence could be related to differences in the tools employed to measure depression. For instance, in urban India, the 30-item GDS is used to screen for depression, whereas in Vietnam, the Zung self-rating depression scale is used to screen for depression [12]. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in the prevalence of depression among older adults could be explained by differences in study design, sampling procedure, socioeconomic-demographic characteristics, geographical location, and cultural differences.

However, this study finding was higher than study done in North Indian (9.5%) [11], Malaysian (16.5%) [3], Tanzania 21.2% [17], a systematic review conducted in China (38.6%) [19], Thailand (18.5%) [20], Ambo, Ethiopia (41.8%) [21], Singapore 13.4% [14], China 32.8% [16], and Womberma district, Ethiopia (45%) [9]. This variation might be due to social-cultural, economic disparities, and the heterogeneity in the classification of depression, i.e., they utilized a GDS-15 score of 6 and above to define depression, which could lead to an underestimating of depression prevalence in Chinan [19]. Another probable reason is the difference in assessment technique; in Singapore, depression was assessed using the Geriatric Mental State (GMS) instrument [14]. Whereas, in our study, depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale item 15 (GDS-15) tool. Additionally, the disparity could be due to a difference in the study participants; in Ambo, the majority of the participants were males, which was found to be less likely to be depressed than females in the study [21]. Furthermore, according to some studies, people in developed countries have easier access to mental health care and support before they experience problems.

Regarding the associated factors, older adults whose educational status grades 5-8th were nearly 6 times and 9-12th grades were 3.44 times more likely to develop depression compared to college and above. This finding was in agreement with different studies in Ethiopia (Harer) [15], Malaysia [3], India (Punjab) [22], Egypt [44], and Thailand [20]. Depressive symptoms are linked to educational attainment, and depression can be influenced by a variety of socioeconomic factors. In lower levels of educational achievement, there is no simple strategy to improve the health and economic success of a nation.

Older adults with a monthly income <2004 ETB were nearly 2 times more likely to have depression as compared to participants with an income of ≥2004 ETB. Similar to a finding of different studies reported in Asia (Myanma) [45], North Indians [11], and Portugal [46]. This is the finding that low-income people have more difficult getting healthy services and care, which has been associated with higher levels of depression. McCall and colleagues’ findings in the United States supported prior studies that connected low income to a higher prevalence of depression [47].

Older adults who had cognitive impairments were 3.54 times more likely to develop depression compared with their counterparts. This was supported by the study conducted in Ethiopia (Harer) [15] and Chinese tertiary hospitals [16]. According to Ismail’s meta-analysis, depression is common among people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with a pooled prevalence of 32% [48]. Depression can result from problems with attention and working memory, as well as changes in sleep patterns and social isolation due to cognitive impairment [49]. Furthermore, MCI shares some of the same characteristics as late-life depression in terms of brain structure changes [50].

A family history of mental illness was also a predictor of depression. When compared to respondents who did not have a family history of mental illness, those populations who had a family history of mental illness were three times more likely to be depressed. This could be explained by the fact that mental illness is inherited, that families are stigmatized, and that there are various types of burdens on family members in terms of financial expenses and providing care for the patient, as well as the offspring may be stressed and worried about their parent’s health condition, all of which could increase the risk of depression [51].

Finally, older adults with poor quality of life were 2.78 times more likely to develop depression compared to good quality of life. This matches research from North Indians [11], Chinese tertiary hospitals [16], and Portugal [46]. Our findings show that older people with depression are more likely to report poor quality of life. In a review article comprising 74 studies, Sivertsen and colleagues came to the same conclusion, finding that depressed older adults had a lower global quality of life than non-depressed older adults. They went on to say that this link remained constant throughout time and was irrespective of how the quality of life was measured [52].

Limitations

The limitation of our study is the use of the GDS scale to measure depressive symptoms rather than formal interviews for diagnosing depression, which is thought to be more appropriate for identification and less sensitive to somatic symptoms that could lead to the overestimation of depression. Other limitations include, some of the reports were based on prior events, which can lead to recall bias. Variables like alcohol use, khat chewing, and other substances are more sensitive issues that might lead to social desirability bias. Also, the generalizability of the study might be limited for those who had formal education since the tool (MMSE) is adapted based on the educational level in this setup. In addition, Since income was assessed using the World Bank poverty line, it has limitations such as simple and does not take into account indebtedness, health, education, housing, or public service access. And it does not always fully reflect the differences in subsistence costs between countries. Finally, because of the nature of the cross-sectional study design, it is impossible to establish cause and effect linkages.

Conclusion

The study conducted in Bahir Dar city shows that more than half of the older adults are suffering from depressive symptoms. An older adult having low educational status, low income, cognitive impairments, a family history of mental illness, and a poor quality of life were all found to be significant predictors of depression in older adults. Because geriatric depression is sometimes unrecognized by clinicians and depressive symptoms are often attributed to the aging process, we recommend that clinicians regularly screen depressive symptoms using standard assessment tools in health care settings and the community. It is preferable to place a greater emphasis on the risk groups identified by this finding.

(XLS)

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20 Jan 2022

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Address all below comments and suggestions:

Reviewer #1: The authors determined the prevalence and associated factors of depression among 423 older adults in Bahir Dar city. Depression was assessed by 15-point Geriatric Depression Scale, where older adults scoring five or more where classified as being depressed. Cognitive impairment, quality of life and income were assessed by MMSE, WHOQOL-BREF 26-item index and World Bank poverty line cutoff respectively. The prevalence of depression was found to 57.9 %. The authors found that depression was associated with cognitive impairment, poor quality of life and low income.

This study has a potential to provide invaluable epidemiological data for depression among the older adults in Ethiopia, provided the following issues are addressed.

Main Issues

1. Prevalence calculation.

The authors did not explain how the prevalence of depression among older adults was calculated. The data for the total population of older adults aged 60 years and above in Bahir Dar City is not provided. The total number of households in Bahir Dar city is not provided either. It is not clear how the 423 subjects were obtained. The 423 older adults who participated in this study may not be representative of the older adults in Bahir Dar City. The study findings (particularly the prevalence) cannot therefore be generalized to the older adults in Bahir Dar City. This is hardly addressed in the discussion.

2. Validation of Assessment Tools

The authors did not state whether GDS has been validated in Ethiopia and whether they used validated versions of GDS. The limitations of assessing income using World Bank Poverty line cut-offs are not appreciated. The limitations of MMSE in assessing cognitive impairment are not addressed. The authors did not state whether older adults who were illiterate or had level of education below fifth grade were excluded from the study.

Other issues

Title.

The title needs to be reframed as the study population is not representative of the older adults in Bahir Dar City.

Abstract

Line 27 Depression is unnoticed by clinicians due to natural aging process. This needs to be reviewed. There are several factors for under-diagnosis of depression in older adults, apart from issues related to aging.

Line 29 …elderly in Bahir Dar city residents?

Line 35 use older adults instead of elders

Lines 43, 44 consider restating the concluding statement to reflect your findings. Emotional care, mental health care, what is the difference?

INTRODUCTION

Lines 52, 53. The statements are incompatible with what the authors are studying.

Line 56 re-check whether WHO information on depression includes two weeks

Lines 56, 57, 58 repetition of information

Lines 61,62 consider reframing the statement.

Line 65 aged 60 and up??

Lines 69 to 77. Consider rearranging this paragraph. The magnitude of depression in older adults should appear before the consequences of depression. The authors should be specific regarding the age group the prevalence estimates of depression refer to.

Line 83 consider reframing this statement…..elderly people who are reliant on others vs dependence on others, reliance on others??

Methods and materials

Line 113, 114 What is the total population of older adults aged 60 years and over in Bahir Dar City? Unless this is known it will be impossible to estimate the prevalence of depression among older adults in Bahir Dar City that can be generalized to the whole population of older adults in Bahir Dar City.

Line 119 Which information was taken from Bahir Dar City Municipality?

Line 124 All old age residents?? Consider correcting this statement.

Line 126 All old age population?? Same as in Line 124

Line 128 Consider correcting this sentence.

Line 133, 134 consider reframing the statements. Was the sample size estimated using Epi info 7 Stat Calc software or single population proportion formula?

Line 141 Which population size are you referring to here; the total population or the population of older adults aged 60 and over?

Line 142 Clarify how the final sample size was distributed proportionally among the eight sub-cities.

Line 144 sample frame? od ages? Correct.

Line 151 Limitations of MMSE should be addressed

Line 156 Has this instrument been validated in Ethiopia?

Line 170 The limitations of assessing income using this method should be addressed.

Line 176 Has GDS been validated in Ethiopia ? Which version of GDS was used? Validated or original version?

Line 182 What about the older adults with education below fifth grade, and those who could neither read nor write? Were they excluded from the study? The limitations of using MMSE to assess cognition should be appreciated. How was dementia distinguished from depression in this study?

Lines 200,201.202 , 204 Consider correcting these statements. What is MSc?

Lines 202, 203,204 Was the GDS translated into the local language(Hamharic)?

Lines s 207, 2008,209. Consider correcting these statements.

Line 222 How was the confidence interval of the prevalence calculated?

Line 235 How about the older adults with level of education below the fifth grade and those who could neither read nor write? Were they excluded from the study?

Line 265 correct this statement.

Line 271 Show how the prevalence of depression was calculated. How was the confidence interval calculated?

Lines 283 to 292 Consider correcting the statements with 3.44 times, 2.78 times etc.

Line 313 to 328 Consider summarizing this paragraph.

Line 334 Low education may limit the development of therapies to alleviate the disease burden of depression. Can older adults develop therapies for depression? Please consider correcting this statement.

Lines 339 to 342 Consider correcting the statements.

Line 343 correct 3.54 times

Line 349 limitations of MMSE in assessing cognitive impairment should be addressed.

Line 352 populations who had family history of mental illness? Consider correcting this.

Line s 376 to 382 Correct the statements.eg we recommend

that clinicians regularly screening depressive symptoms using standard studies in the elderly

Line 399 What about the older adults who were illiterate? Were they excluded from the study? Were there older adults who were unable to provide informed consent due to cognitive impairment? How many older adults had severe cognitive impairment per MMSE?

Line 404 Any time during the procedure?

Lines 404 ,405 correct the statements.

Typos and Grammatical errors

There several typos and grammatical errors in this manuscript apart from those highlighted . These should to be corrected

Reviewer #2: The authors have presented findings which adds to current literature on depression. Overall the methods chosen were appropriate and the results support the conclusions. However, the authors need to improve on the language of the manuscript.

**********

2 Feb 2022

Response to reviewer’s

Sharada Prasad Wasti, Ph.D., MSc, MHCM, MA, Academic Editor, PLOS ONE.

Thank you very much for giving us the golden chance to revise our manuscript “Depression and associated factors among older adults in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: Cross-sectional study.

We would also like to thank the reviewers for their detailed reviews and for providing us with helpful suggestions that will strengthen our manuscript and knowledge. We have gone through the comments and tried to include the responses to all the comments and suggestions. Also, we addressed questions raised by the academic editor.

Comments by editor and reviewers

This study has the potential to provide the invaluable prevalence of depression and its associated factors among older adults in Ethiopia, but authors should carefully address all comments provided by reviewers as per the below instruction for further review.

Response: We tried to revise and incorporate carefully based on the editor and reviewers' feedback.

In addition to the reviewer's suggestions please remove abstract lines 35-40 big bracket [ ] and only keep small bracket and follow in discussion line 301 too. Submit manuscript with full proofread.

Response: We removed it from the manuscript as recommended.

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.

Response: We prepared it as recommended.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter

Response: We amended it in the revised cover letter.

Journal Requirements

1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming.

Response: We try to put the manuscript to meet PLOS ONE's style requirements.

2. Thank you for stating the following financial disclosure:

[The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.]

Response: This study was funded by Bahir-Dar University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

At this time, please address the following queries:

a) Please clarify the sources of funding (financial or material support) for your study. List the grants or organizations that supported your study, including funding received from your institution.

Response: We received only financial support and we received only financial support from our institution Bahir-Dar University.

b) State what role the funders took in the study. If the funders had no role in your study, please state: “The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.”

Response: We rewrite it as “The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.”

c) If any authors received a salary from any of your funders, please state which authors and which funders.

Response: Corresponding Author

d) If you did not receive any funding for this study, please state: “The authors received no specific funding for this work.”

Response: We amended it as per comment.

Please include your amended statements within your cover letter; we will change the online submission form on your behalf.

Response: We revised and sent the cover letter.

3. Thank you for stating the following in your Competing Interests section:

[NO authors have competing interests.]

Please complete your Competing Interests on the online submission form to state any Competing Interests. If you have no competing interests, please state "The authors have declared that no competing interests exist."

Response: Corrected as recommended.

This information should be included in your cover letter; we will change the online submission form on your behalf.

Response: We revised and sent the cover letter.

4. Your ethics statement should only appear in the Methods section of your manuscript. If your ethics statement is written in any section besides the Methods, please move it to the Methods section and delete it from any other section. Please ensure that your ethics statement is included in your manuscript, as the ethics statement entered into the online submission form will not be published alongside your manuscript.

Response: Comment accepted and amended.

Comments by reviewers

Reviewer 1

The authors determined the prevalence and associated factors of depression among 423 older adults in Bahir Dar city. Depression was assessed by 15-point Geriatric Depression Scale, where older adults scoring five or more where classified as being depressed. Cognitive impairment, quality of life and income were assessed by MMSE, WHOQOL-BREF 26-item index and World Bank poverty line cutoff respectively. The prevalence of depression was found to 57.9 %. The authors found that depression was associated with cognitive impairment, poor quality of life and low income.

This study has a potential to provide invaluable epidemiological data for depression among the older adults in Ethiopia, provided the following issues are addressed.

Main Issues

1. Prevalence calculation.

The authors did not explain how the prevalence of depression among older adults was calculated. The data for the total population of older adults aged 60 years and above in Bahir Dar City is not provided. The total number of households in Bahir Dar city is not provided either. It is not clear how the 423 subjects were obtained. The 423 older adults who participated in this study may not be representative of the older adults in Bahir Dar City. The study findings (particularly the prevalence) cannot therefore be generalized to the older adults in Bahir Dar City. This is hardly addressed in the discussion.

Response: We explained in detail in the next questions in the method sections.

-Calculating prevalence: The prevalence of depression among older adults is calculated by measuring the presence of depression in a sample of the population selected randomly, then dividing the number of older adults that have depression by the number of people in whom it was measured. Prevalence is often expressed as a percentage.

Simply,

Prevalence= (Total cases)/(Total population) x 100, P=245/423 x 100 = 57.9%

-The technique of how we addressed the participants is that “Among these, the age group of 60 years and above is estimated to be 11,034 (5003 male, and 6031 females). Those older adults are estimated Shimbit (1670), Tana (1043), Fasilo (1200), Sefene selam (287), Gishabay (522), Shum ambo (417), Belay Zeleke (1591), and Ginbot-20 (4304)”. From the above total older adults we allocated proportionally and from this, Shimbit (64), Tana (40), Fasilo (46), Sefene Selam (11), Gish Abay (20), Shum Abbo (16), Belay Zeleke (61), and Gimbot Haya (165) were included in this study.”

-We tried to represent the older adult population in Bahir-Dar city administration using probability sampling techniques. We discussed clearly in sampling technique.

2. Validation of Assessment Tools

The authors did not state whether GDS has been validated in Ethiopia and whether they used validated versions of GDS. The limitations of assessing income using World Bank Poverty line cut-offs are not appreciated. The limitations of MMSE in assessing cognitive impairment are not addressed. The authors did not state whether older adults who were illiterate or had level of education below fifth grade were excluded from the study.

Response: Thank you for your very critical and constructive comments! Geriatric Depression Scale item 15 (GDS-15) was used to assess the presence of depression among older adults. Even if the tool hasn’t been validated in Ethiopia we use extensively validated in low and middle-income countries such as India, Nepal, other Asian and African countries with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 89%. Also, various studies conducted in Ethiopia use this instrument to assess depression. The validity and reliability of the tool have been supported through both clinical practice and research. In addition, we conducted a pretest and its internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) in this study was 0.86. Finally, we do have a plan to conduct a validation study for the future.

-Regarding the World Bank poverty line cut-offs; It is simplistic and does not reflect indebtedness, health, education, housing, or access to public services. Also, it does not always accurately represent the different costs of subsistence from country to country. Difficulty to assess each item found in the household, despite this limitation many developing country studies use this assessment way. It's better to assess the wealth index using PCA for future researchers. W put it in the limitation section. Thank you for your very supportive comment. we incorporate in the limitation section.

-Regarding MMSE, One important limitation of MMSE is that it cannot be administered to illiterate subjects as 2 of its items involve reading and writing. Also, the limitation is the inclusion of a task requiring paper and pencil (copying a drawing). Furthermore, difficulty in identifying mild cognitive impairment. We excluded older adults with education below fifth grade and we revised in the exclusion criteria accordingly.

Other issues

Title.

The title needs to be reframed as the study population is not representative of the older adults in Bahir Dar City.

Response: It represents the older adults population in B.dar city. We put it clearly in the method section how we did allocate it.

Abstract

Line 27 Depression is unnoticed by clinicians due to natural aging process. This needs to be reviewed. There are several factors for under-diagnosis of depression in older adults, apart from issues related to aging.

Response: We paraphrased it accordingly. Several studies showed, depression among the elderly were unnoticed by the individuals themselves and were also underdiagnosed by healthcare professionals due to the misconception that these are a natural aspect of the aging process and a natural reaction to chronic diseases, loss, and social conversion. It could negatively aggravate several aspects at the individual, household, national, and international level.

NB: In the clinical setting, older adults with depression have similar manifestations to dementia (we call it pseudodementia), this is considered as an age-related problem and it is ignored by the patient itself, even parents, and underdiagnosed by clinicians. Hence, we rephrase as “Depression is the most common psychiatric condition among older adults, and it goes unnoticed by individuals themselves and is under-diagnosed by clinicians due to the misconception that these are normal parts of aging.”

Line 29 …elderly in Bahir Dar city residents?

Response: We corrected it accordingly. The study represents depression among the elder people Bahir-Dar city. We corrected as” older adults in Bahir Dar city”

Line 35 use older adults instead of elders

Response: Thank you, we corrected it as recommended throughout the manuscript.

Lines 43, 44 consider restating the concluding statement to reflect your findings. Emotional care, mental health care, what is the difference?

Response: Thank you, we revised and added some additional ideas and we rewrite as “The prevalence of depression among older adults was found to be huge. Educational status, monthly income, cognitive impairments, family history of mental illness, and poor quality of life were associated with depression. To fulfill the demands of the city's growing older population, elderly care, mental health care, and social security services should be strengthened. Also, raising community awareness of mental health, increasing social participation, and providing supportive counseling are essential in combating depression among Bahir-Dar city older adults”. See the main document.

INTRODUCTION

Lines 52, 53. The statements are incompatible with what the authors are studying.

Response: We removed it.

Line 56 re-check whether WHO information on depression includes two weeks

Response: Thank you! we changed it according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Lines 56, 57, 58 repetition of information

Response: We revised it!

Lines 61,62 consider reframing the statement.

Response: Revised, We paraphrased as “Depression in older adults often goes untreated because people typically think that it is a normal component of the aging process and a natural reaction to chronic diseases, loss, and social conversion”. See in the main document.

Line 65 aged 60 and up??

Response: We change to “aged 60 and above.”

Lines 69 to 77. Consider rearranging this paragraph. The magnitude of depression in older adults should appear before the consequences of depression. The authors should be specific regarding the age group the prevalence estimates of depression refer to.?? See ambo study pop/n

Response: Thank you! We rearranged it as you recommended. And, we specify age group, older adults: are those aged is 60 and above.

Line 83 consider reframing this statement…..elderly people who are reliant on others vs dependence on others, reliance on others??

Response: We corrected as by saying “older adults who are dependent on others”

Methods and materials

Line 113, 114 What is the total population of older adults aged 60 years and over in Bahir Dar City? Unless this is known it will be impossible to estimate the prevalence of depression among older adults in Bahir Dar City that can be generalized to the whole population of older adults in Bahir Dar City.

Response: Thank you. We mentioned the total number of the older adult population. The study reported here is to investigate the prevalence of depression among the age group of 60 years and above, as measured by GDS-15, among 11,034 (5003 male and 6031 females) older adults in a city.

Line 119 Which information was taken from Bahir Dar City Municipality?

Response: For example The total population, the number of sub-cities, health care services including health centers is provided in the Bahir Dar city administration.

Line 124 All old age residents?? Consider correcting this statement.

Response: We corrected it as “All older adults who live in Bahir Dar city administration.”

Line 126 All old age population?? Same as in Line 124

Response We also corrected it as “Older adults aged 60 years and above who were available in Bahir Dar city administration during the study period.” See in the document.

Line 128 Consider correcting this sentence.

Response: We amended it accordingly.

Line 133, 134 consider reframing the statements. Was the sample size estimated using Epi info 7 Stat Calc software or single population proportion formula?

Response: Corrected it as “The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula with the assumption of a prevalence (P) of depression of 47.5 % from a previous study with a confidence limit of 5%. As a result, n=384, with no requirement for a correction factor because the population size is more than ten thousand. The ultimate sample size was 423 after adding a 10% non-response rate”. See the main document.

Line 141 Which population size are you referring to here; the total population or the population of older adults aged 60 and over?

Response: Thank you for critical view. We put the total older adult population which was 11,034. See the main document.

Line 142 Clarify how the final sample size was distributed proportionally among the eight sub-cities.

Response: We revised it as “Among these, the age group of 60 years and above is estimated to be 11,034 (5003 male, and 6031 females). Those older adults are Shimbit (1670), Tana (1043), Fasilo (1200), Sefene selam (287), Gishabay (522), Shum ambo (417), Belay Zeleke (1591), and Ginbot-20 (4304)”. From the above total older adults we allocated proportionally and from this, Shimbit (64), Tana (40), Fasilo (46), Sefene Selam (11), Gish Abay (20), Shum Abbo (16), Belay Zeleke (61), and Gimbot Haya (165) were included in this study.

Line 144 sample frame? od ages? Correct.

Response: Thank you, corrected.

Line 151 Limitations of MMSE should be addressed

Response: Thank you! We added some limitations of MMSE in the section on limitations

For example: “The generalizability of the study might be limited for those who had formal education since the tool (MMSE) is adapted based on the educational level in this setup.”

Line 156 Has this instrument been validated in Ethiopia?

Response: The revised Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was employed to evaluate social support. It was developed by Zimet et al.,1988. And identifies three sources of support (friends, family, and significant others). The tool was widely used among old age, pregnant mothers, and other populations and has been validated in one African country (Cronbach's alpha = 0.916) (Stewart et al., 2014). In the Ethiopian context, the tool has not been validated yet and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 in the current study.

Line 170 The limitations of assessing income using this method should be addressed.

Response: It is simplistic and does not reflect indebtedness, health, education, housing, or access to public services. Also, it does not always accurately represent the different costs of subsistence from country to country. Difficulty to assess each item found in the household, despite this limitation many developing country studies use this assessment way. It's better to assess the wealth index using PCA for future researchers. W put it in the limitation section. Thank you for your very supportive comment.

Line 176 Has GDS been validated in Ethiopia? Which version of GDS was used? Validated or original version?

Response: Geriatric Depression Scale item 15 (GDS-15) was used to assess the presence of depression among older adults. Even if the tool hasn’t been validated in Ethiopia we use extensively validated in low and middle-income countries such as India, Nepal, other Asian and African countries with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 89%. Also, various studies conducted in Ethiopia use this instrument to assess depression. The validity and reliability of the tool have been supported through both clinical practice and research. In addition, we conducted a pretest and its internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) in this study was 0.86. Finally, we do have a plan to conduct a validation study for the future.

Line 182 What about the older adults with education below fifth grade, and those who could neither read nor write? Were they excluded from the study? The limitations of using MMSE to assess cognition should be appreciated. How was dementia distinguished from depression in this study?

Response: Yes! we excluded older adults with education below fifth grade and we revised in the exclusion criteria accordingly. One important limitation of MMSE is that it cannot be administered to illiterate subjects as 2 of its items involve reading and writing. Also, the limitation is the inclusion of a task requiring paper and pencil (copying a drawing). Furthermore, difficulty in identifying mild cognitive impairment. Whereas, Depression vs dementia. We put this as a limitation because of the nature of the cross-sectional study design, it is impossible to establish cause and effect linkages.

Lines 200,201.202 , 204 Consider correcting these statements. What is MSc?

Response: MSc means in this context, Masters of Sciences degree holder in mental health. And we amended it as “The data were collected from study participants by face-to-face interviews from house to house. The questionnaire was prepared in English and then translated into the local language (which is Amharic) by a language translator and translated back to English to ensure its understandability and consistency before the actual data collection. The training was given for supervisor and data collectors by the principal investigator for two days duration on the methods of data collection and the detail of the questionnaire. Data were collected by four psychiatric nurses who currently work in health centers and was supervised by Masters of Sciences degree holder in mental health”.

Lines 202, 203,204 Was the GDS translated into the local language(Amharic)?

Response: The questionnaires were prepared in English and then translate into the local language Amharic, and back-translated to English by an independent person to ensure its understandability and consistency.

Lines s 207, 2008,209. Consider correcting these statements.

Response: We revised it as recommended.

Line 222 How was the confidence interval of the prevalence calculated?

Response: Using SPSS we perform bootstrapping, In short, Go to Analyze-descriptive statistics- frequencies-drag the variable (DV) to the variable box – perform bootstrap with 95% CI. Finally, the results show the prevalence in yes/no with 95% CI (upper and lower limit). In this study, the overall prevalence of depression among elderly people in Bahir Dar city was with CI 272 57.9 % (95% CI: 53.2,62.6)

Line 235 How about the older adults with a level of education below the fifth grade and those who could neither read nor write? Were they excluded from the study?

Response: Thank you for your critical view. They were excluded from the study. And we corrected the exclusion criteria. Again, thank you, dear reviewer!

Line 265 correct this statement.

Response: We corrected it as “ Low parental relationships support, low friend social support, and low other social support were found in 55 (13.1%), 56 (13.2%), and 57 (13.5%) of the participants, respectively”.

Line 271 shows how the prevalence of depression was calculated. How was the confidence interval calculated?

Response: We explained in the above response. The prevalence of depression among older adults is calculated by measuring the presence of depression in a sample of the population selected randomly, then dividing the number of older adults that have depression by the number of people in whom it was measured. Prevalence is often expressed as a percentage.

Simply,

Prevalence= (Total cases)/(Total population) x 100, P=245/423 x 100 = 57.9

Or, Using software analysis (SPSS), we did a simple descriptive analysis for prevalence. Additionally, see the SPSS output below (see below tables).

-Descriptive analysis for depression prevalence

Depression prevalence

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid NO 178 42.1 42.1 42.1

YES 245 57.9 57.9 100.0

Total 423 100.0 100.0

CI FOR DEPRESSION

Depression catagory

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Bootstrap for Percenta

Bias Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval

Lower Upper

Valid NO 178 42.1 42.1 42.1 .0 2.4 37.4 46.8

YES 245 57.9 57.9 100.0 .0 2.4 53.2 62.6

Total 423 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0 100.0

a. Unless otherwise noted, bootstrap results are based on 10000 bootstrap samples

Lines 283 to 292 Consider correcting the statements with 3.44 times, 2.78 times etc.

Response: We corrected it as needed.

Line 313 to 328 Consider summarizing this paragraph.

Response: We revised and rewite it again as you recommend.

Line 334 Low education may limit the development of therapies to alleviate the disease burden of depression. Can older adults develop therapies for depression? Please consider correcting this statement.

Response: Revised.

Lines 339 to 342 Consider correcting the statements.

Response: We revised it accordingly. We rewrite it as “This is the finding that low-income people have a harder time getting healthy services and care, which has been associated with higher levels of depression. McCall and colleagues' findings in the United States supported prior studies that connected low income to a higher prevalence of depression.”

Line 343 correct 3.54 times

Response: We think it is better to write it as “Older adults who had cognitive impairments were 3.54 times more likely to develop depression compared with their counterparts.”

Line 349 limitations of MMSE in assessing cognitive impairment should be addressed.

Response: We tried to incorporate the limitation in the limitations section.

Line 352 populations who had family history of mental illness? Consider correcting this.

Response: We replaced it with “older adults”.

Line s 376 to 382 Correct the statements .eg we recommend that clinicians regularly screening depressive symptoms using standard studies in the elderly

Response: We revised it accordingly. See the conclusion section in the main document.

Line 399 What about the older adults who were illiterate? Were they excluded from the study? Were there older adults who were unable to provide informed consent due to cognitive impairment? How many older adults had severe cognitive impairment per MMSE?

Response: We excluded older adults with education below fifth grade and we revised the exclusion criteria accordingly. Almost all those elder adults who had severe NCD using MMSE score 17, which is near to moderate. All older adults in this study provided informed consent and were answered questionnaires.

MMSE level

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Mild 246 58.2 58.2 58.2

moderate 169 40.0 40.0 98.1

severe 8 1.9 1.9 100.0

Total 423 100.0 100.0

Line 404 Any time during the procedure?

Response: We revised it.

Lines 404, 405 correct the statements.

Response: We corrected as needed. “ The information was not disseminated without the respondent's permission. The information provided by the participants was exclusively utilized for the study. Those older adults who reported depression were immediately referred to mental health facilities for further evaluation and management.”

Typos and Grammatical errors

There several typos and grammatical errors in this manuscript apart from those highlighted . These should to be corrected

Response: We tried to assess errors like incomplete sentences, grammatical and language errors from the title up to a discussion of the manuscript. In addition to that the name of the professional that edit our manuscript for language usage, spelling, and grammar service that provided: Mr. Demise Arega (BA, MA in TEEFL) from Wollo University at Department of language and literature

Email: demisarega13@gmail.com

Reviewer 2

The authors have presented findings which adds to current literature on depression. Overall the methods chosen were appropriate and the results support the conclusions. However, the authors need to improve on the language of the manuscript.

Response: Thank you, dear reviewer, it helps to do more for the future. And we tried to assess errors like incomplete sentences, grammatical and language errors from the title up to a discussion of the manuscript. In addition to that the name of the professional that edit our manuscript for language usage, spelling, and grammar service that provided: Mr. Demise Arega (BA, MA in TEEFL) from Wollo University at Department of language and literature

Email: demisarega13@gmail.com

Sincerely,

Tamrat Anbesaw, January/2022

Submitted filename: renamed_cec0b.docx

Click here for additional data file.

21 Jun 2022

22 Jun 2022

Response to editor and reviewers

Please review your paper and make the manuscript clear and reader-friendly with following concerns with other reviewers comments:

1. Abstract results section line 34 CI 53.2, 62.6 should be consistent with other Cis

Response: We corrected as recommended.

2. Make an abstract conclusion very specific based on your findings and provide pragmatic suggestions which are very vague now. Provide at least 5 appropriate keywords.

Response: We revised it extensively. See the manuscript. Thank you dear editor to give achance to see the manuscript again.

3. Line 74 writes in word one instead of 1 million.

Response: Corrected.

4. In the methods and materials section starts with the research design followed by the study population (remove line 122) and merges the study population with inclusion and exclusion criteria, study sites, sample size, and sampling techniques,..

Response: We corrected it as per your recommendation.

5. line 207 removes processing and keeps only data analysis

Response: Thank you, we corrected as per a recommendation.

6. Line 219 writes down Ethical consideration

Response: We revised it accordingly.

7. Line 245 Results

Response: We corrected it.

8. Line 247-258 presents very key findings in only % and refer to Table 1 for details.

Response:We corrected it.

9. Present mean/median age with SD or IQR

Response: We present it as recommended.

10. Review table 1 educational status variables and present constantly i.e 5-8th vs 9-12th

Response: Thank you, we corrected it.

11. Table 1 presents the mean/median monthly income with SD/IQR

Response: Thank you, we corrected it as per recommendation.

12. Line 261-267 review findings and present key findings with % and recommend Table 2 for the details.

Response: Thank you, we revised it.

13. Review the lines 271-273 as per above.

Response: Again we thank you, and revised as you recommended.

14. Line 285 headings and 290 should merge and start with prevalence instead of separate headings and also make consistent terminology of the figure headings older adults instead of elderly

Response: We revised it as per your recommendation. See the revised manuscript.

15. Line 280 - 307 present only key findings

Response: Thank you, dear editor, in this we tried to show the important points. If specific things to be revised we are welcome.

16. Line 307 correct error is showing not sure what is written.

Response: In line 307, we found this value (AOR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.74–4.46), which was written correctly in table 4. If any issues again we are welcome to revise it.

Response to reviewers

1. Prevalence calculation.

The authors have stated that they calculated the prevalence of depression as follows:

Prevalence= (Total cases)/ (Total population) x 100, P=245/423 x 100 = 57.9%

This is prevalence of depression among the older adults screened for depression in Bahir Dar City not the prevalence of depression among older adults in Bahir Dar City.

The authors stated that the total population of older adults aged 60 years and above in Bahir Dar City is 11,034 (5003 male and 6031 females). The correct approach would be estimating the number of cases of depression in each sub-city, adding the cases and then diving by the total population ( 11,034).

Response: Thank you dear reviewer.

Prevalence is calculated as follows;

1. To estimate prevalence, researchers randomly select a sample (smaller group) from the entire population they want to describe.

2. For a representative sample, prevalence is the number of people in the sample with the characteristic of interest, divided by the total number of people in the sample.

-If we calculate by including the total population (11,034), we are saying we didn’t need a sample size calculation. Analysis should be conducted based on collected data or sample size included in the study (423). So we put it as it is.

2. Informed consent.

In their response to reviewers’ comments, the authors stated that almost all older adults had severe cognitive impairment. However, in the manuscript only 42% had cognitive impairment. It is not clear if these older adults with severe cognitive impairment had capacity to provide a valid informed consent. This should be clarified.

Response: Thank you, dear reviewer. Previously we respond only 8(1.9%) had severe cognitive impairment. Informed (written) consent was obtained from each study participant. The study participants were also provided with information about the objectives and expected outcomes of the study. Information obtained from individual participants was kept secure and confidential. We had given time to ask questions repeatedly for better thinking, understanding, and responding to the questions.

3. Abstract

The conclusion does not reflect what the authors have studied. For example, the study did not look at supportive therapy for the treatment of depression in this population.

Response: We revised it accordingly as per your recommendation. Again, thank you!

4. Other issues.

There are several grammatical errors in this manuscript. Eg lines 172-176. These should to be corrected.

Response: We revised it accordingly. See the main manuscript.

Line ‘hard time’, use scholastic language

Response: Dear reviewer, thank you for your recommendation to revise it. We replaced it with “more difficult”

Line 5 and 6, empty space

Lines 11-19, empty space

Lines 47 -49, empty space

Lines 96-105 , empty space

Line 206, empty space

Lines 229-244 empty space

Lines 282- 284 empty space

Lines 308- 311 empty space

Lines 318, 395, 405, 438-440 empty space

Response: We corrected all empty spaces.

-References

Several references eg no 17, 29, 32 are incorrectly cited. This should be corrected.

Response: We corrected it as per recommendation.

Regards,

Tamrat Anbesaw( Corresponding Author)

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.

25 Jul 2022

27 Jul 2022

Dear Sharada Prasad Wasti, Ph.D., Academic Editor, thank you dear Editor for giving a chance to revise it again. We have seen the manuscript critically and revised as per recommendation.

Submitted filename: Response to editor and reviewers revised.docx

Click here for additional data file.

8 Aug 2022

Depression and associated factors among older adults in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: Cross-sectional study

PONE-D-21-38673R3

Dear Tamrat Anbesaw ,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

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PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

11 Aug 2022

PONE-D-21-38673R3

Depression and associated factors among older adults in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: Cross-sectional study

Dear Dr. Anbesaw:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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on behalf of

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